ReviewAnnals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology2019
Immunomodulatory effects of breast milk on food allergy.
Review in Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Review
- The "Survivor Peptide" Hypothesis: Structural Resilience and Immunological Persistence of Food Allergens in the Gut-Mammary Axis.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Early-life Gut Microbiota and Allergic Diseases: Immune Regulatory Mechanisms and Intervention Progress.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Article
- The fourth trimester and challenges for the lupus patient.EULAR rheumatology open · 2025Review
- Cow's milk protein allergy: A comprehensive review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and management strategies.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Review
- Early allergen introduction overrides allergy predisposition in offspring of horses withFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Farm exposure is associated with human breast milk immune profile and microbiome.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) guidelines update - XVI - Nutritional management of cow's milk allergy.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2024Article
- [Risk factors for cow's milk protein allergy in infants: a multicenter prospective nested case-control study].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2024Article
- Redefining the Role of Nutrition in Infant Food Allergy Prevention: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Influence of feeding practices in the composition and functionality of infant gut microbiota and its relationship with health.PloS one · 2024Observational
- Comparative analysis of different methods for protein quantification in donated human milk.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Human milk oligosaccharides regulate human macrophage polarization and activation in response toFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- The First 1000 Days of Life: How Changes in the Microbiota Can Influence Food Allergy Onset in Children.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Understanding the Immunomodulatory Effects of Bovine Colostrum: Insights into IL-6/IL-10 Axis-Mediated Inflammatory Control.Veterinary sciences · 2023Article
- Nutritional Strategies for the Prevention and Management of Cow's Milk Allergy in the Pediatric Age.Nutrients · 2023Review
- The Effect of Breastfeeding on Food Allergies in Newborns and Infants.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo summarize the literature on immunomodulatory effects of breast milk on sensitization and possible mechanisms of action. DATA SOURCES: Animal and human studies in PubMed that assessed breastfeeding or breast milk composition in food allergy. STUDY SELECTIONS: All recent studies and some older key publications focusing on this topic.
resultsHuman milk composition is highly variable among mothers, which can affect the developing infant immune system. Human milk also affects the infant gut microbiome, which is associated with food allergy. High levels of human milk immune factors (IgA, cytokines, oligosaccharides) are associated with reduced risk of food allergy in the infant; it remains uncertain whether these are directly protective or biomarkers of transferred protection. Animal studies highlight potential mechanisms of protection provided by antigens, transforming growth factor β, and immunocomplexes, yet their relevance is poorly understood in humans. The role of food antigens in human milk in initial sensitization or tolerance induction is unclear.
conclusionThe protection against allergy development provided by human milk may be attributable to the effect on the infant gut microbiome or direct effects on immune system. Studies evaluating the effect of breastfeeding and human milk composition on food allergy are needed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.