ReviewCroatian medical journal2019
Therapies for multiple sclerosis targeting B cells.
Review in Croatian medical journal, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ofatumumab in multiple sclerosis: 2-year immune profiling and clinical correlates.Journal of neurology · 2026Observational
- Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase: A Potential Novel Target for Neurological Disorders.Physiological research · 2025Review
- Unraveling the Role of the Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β, Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase, and Sphingosine 1 Phosphate Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2024Review
- Neurodegeneration and inflammation crosstalk: Therapeutic targets and perspectives.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2023Article
- The State of the Art of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Tumor-Infiltrating B Lymphocytes: Promising Immunotherapeutic Targets for Primary Liver Cancer Treatment.Cancers · 2023Review
- COVID-19 and Multiple Sclerosis: A Complex Relationship Possibly Aggravated by Low Vitamin D Levels.Cells · 2023Review
- B cell targeted therapies in inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Targeting CD38 in Neoplasms and Non-Cancer Diseases.Cancers · 2022Review
- Serum levels of IgM to phosphatidylcholine predict the response of multiple sclerosis patients to natalizumab or IFN-β.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with multiple sclerosis: An observational study at a tertiary center in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) · 2022Observational
- What Have Failed, Interrupted, and Withdrawn Antibody Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis Taught Us?Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2022Review
- The Forgotten Brother: The Innate-like B1 Cell in Multiple Sclerosis.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Population Pharmacokinetic-B Cell Modeling for Ofatumumab in Patients with Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis.CNS drugs · 2022Article
- Ocrelizumab: A Review in Multiple Sclerosis.Drugs · 2022Review
- IgG4 Autoantibodies in Organ-Specific Autoimmunopathies: Reviewing Class Switching, Antibody-Producing Cells, and Specific Immunotherapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Distribution and efficacy of ofatumumab and ocrelizumab in humanized CD20 mice following subcutaneous or intravenous administration.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Genetic risk variants for multiple sclerosis are linked to differences in alternative pre-mRNA splicing.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- RNA Sequencing of CD4Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2021Article
- The survival and function of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells are negatively controlled by SLAMF5.Nature communications · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that B cells contribute both to the regulation of normal autoimmunity and to the pathogenesis of immune mediated diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). B cells in MS are skewed toward a pro-inflammatory profile, and contribute to MS pathogenesis by antibody production, antigen presentation, T cells stimulation and activation, driving autoproliferation of brain-homing autoreactive CD4+ T cells, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and formation of ectopic meningeal germinal centers that drive cortical pathology and contribute to neurological disability. The recent interest in the key role of B cells in MS has been evoked by the profound anti-inflammatory effects of rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting the B cell surface marker CD20, observed in relapsing-remitting MS. This has been reaffirmed by clinical trials with less immunogenic and more potent B cell-depleting mAbs targeting CD20 - ocrelizumab, ofatumumab and ublituximab. Ocrelizumab is also the first disease-modifying drug that has shown efficacy in primary-progressive MS, and is currently approved for both indications. Another promising approach is the inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, a key enzyme that mediates B cell activation and survival, by agents such as evobrutinib. On the other hand, targeting B cell cytokines with the fusion protein atacicept increased MS activity, highlighting the complex and not fully understood role of B cells and humoral immunity in MS. Finally, all other approved therapies for MS, some of which have been designed to target T cells, have some effects on the frequency, phenotype, or homing of B cells, which may contribute to their therapeutic activity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
31044580PMC6509632W2944972747What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.