ArticleThe American journal on addictions2019
Use of "Lean" Among Electronic Dance Music Party Attendees.
Article in The American journal on addictions, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and correlates of self-reported new psychoactive substance use among adults in 20 US cities: Results from National Drug Early Warning System surveillance.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Oral fentanyl consumption and withdrawal impairs fear extinction learning and enhances basolateral amygdala principal neuron excitatory-inhibitory balance in male and female mice.Addiction neuroscience · 2024Article
- Codeine and promethazine: Exploratory study on "lean" or "sizzurp" using national survey data and an online forum.PloS one · 2024Article
- All Hands on Deck: We Need Multiple Approaches To Uncover the Neuroscience behind the Opioid Overdose Crisis.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2023Review
- Lean/Sizzurp Ingredients, Use, and Coping With Mental Health Symptoms.Substance abuse : research and treatment · 2023Article
- Prescription Drug Misuse in "Clubbers" and Disco Goers in Ibiza.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesLean (a.k.a.: Sizzurp, Purple Drank) is a recreational beverage that commonly contains codeine cough syrup. Despite its popularization in the hip-hop music scene, few epidemiologic studies have examined use. This study examined prevalence and correlates of use among a population at high-risk for drug use-electronic dance music (EDM) party attendees.
methodsA total of 1029 EDM party attendees (ages 18-40) were surveyed in New York City in 2018 using time-space sampling. Prevalence and correlates of use of Lean were estimated.
resultsAn estimated 15.5% of attendees have ever used Lean, and 3.4% of attendees have used in the past year. Only an estimated 0.2% have used in the past month, but 14.2% would use in the next month if offered by a friend. Three-quarters (75.4%) of users believed their Lean ever contained codeine and 32.4% believed it always or usually contained codeine. Past-year use was strongly associated with past-year nonmedical prescription opioid use (adjusted odds ratio = 10.77, P = 0.003), but not past-year use of other illegal drugs. Attendees who are black or bisexual are at higher odds for past-year use, and those with a college degree or higher are at lower odds for past-year use. DISCUSSION AND
conclusionsWhile use of Lean is not as prevalent as use of various other drugs (eg, ecstasy) in this high-risk population, over a tenth have tried it and/or are willing to use it if offered. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Prevention efforts need to target potential users as frequent use of beverages containing codeine products can lead to dependence. (Am J Addict 2019;28:347-352).
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Registered trials
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