Optical Recognition of Ammonia and Amine Vapor Using "Turn-on" Fluorescent Chitosan Nanoparticles Imprinted on Cellulose Strips.

A practical fluorescent test dipstick for an efficient recognition of ammonia and amines vapors was developed. The prepared testing strip was based on a composite of molecularly imprinted chitosan nanoparticles, supported on cellulose paper assay, with artificial fluorescent receptor sites for ammonia/amines recognition in aqueous and gaseous phases. A modified chitosan nanoparticles containing fluorescein molecules, were successfully prepared and employed on cellulose paper strip creating fluorescent cellulose (FL-Cell) to act as "turn-on" fluorescent sensor for sensing and determining ammonia and organic amine vapor. We employed chitosan nanoparticles that had fluorescein incorporated as the fluorescent probe molecule, with a readout limit achieved for aqueous ammonia as low as 280 ppm at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The sensor responded linearly relying on the aqueous ammonia concentration in the range of 0.13-280 ppm. The chromogenic fluorescent cellulose platform response depended on the acid-base characteristic effects of the fluorescein probe. The protonated form of fluorescein molecules immobilized within the chitosan nanoparticles were in a nanoenvironment demonstrating only weak fluorescence. When binding to ammonia/amine vapor, the fluorescein active sites were deprotonated and exhibited higher "turned-on" fluorescence as a result of exposure to those alkaline species. The simple fabrication and abovementioned characteristics of such fluorescent chitosan nanoparticles are such that they should be applicable for monitoring of ammonia/amines in either aqueous or vapor states. We studied the distribution of the fluorescent chitosan onto paper sheets fabricated from bleached bagasse pulp and coated with two different thicknesses of a fluorescent nanochitosan and blank nanochitosan solutions. A thin fluorescent nanochitosan layer was created on the surface of cellulose strips using an applicator. Its distribution was assessed by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis as well as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) measurements. The mechanical properties were also tested. The exploitation of this "turn-on" fluorescence sensor invented platform should be amenable to different situations where determination of ammonia/amine vapor or aqueous solution is required.