ArticleJournal of preventive medicine and hygiene2019
The Spanish Influenza Pandemic: a lesson from history 100 years after 1918.
Article in Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 255 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical education and training programs in Latin America: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Trial
- Parents' Perception of Food Insecurity and of Its Effects on Their Children in Italy Six Months after the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Intranasal Adenoviral Vector Vaccination Induces Durable Antibody and T Cell Responses in the Respiratory Tract.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Two voices, one legacy: Roberto Massalongo (1856-1919) and Freud's Tributes to Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893).Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- On the importance of communication, advocacy, and information accuracy in destigmatizing mpox disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Potential of biomarkers of ageing in predicting severity of influenza virus infection and vaccination efficacy.npj aging · 2025Review
- Historical review of the Indonesian government's response to health crisis: From the Spanish flu to the COVID-19 pandemic.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Clinical considerations for the next pandemic: Japan's current challenges and strategic preparedness.Global health & medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- The paradox of better population health after the pandemic: what is the cause?Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of health care systems in European Union countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Big Epidemiology: The Birth, Life, Death, and Resurgence of Diseases on a Global Timescale.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Complex Evolutionary Dynamics of H5N8 Influenza A Viruses Revealed by Comprehensive Reassortment Analysis.Viruses · 2024Article
- Article
- Antiviral Drug Discovery.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Preparation for the next pandemic: challenges in strengthening surveillance.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Using a Bayesian hierarchical approach to study the association between non-pharmaceutical interventions and the spread of Covid-19 in Germany.Scientific reports · 2023Article
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In Europe in 1918, influenza spread through Spain, France, Great Britain and Italy, causing havoc with military operations during the First World War. The influenza pandemic of 1918 killed more than 50 million people worldwide. In addition, its socioeconomic consequences were huge. "Spanish flu", as the infection was dubbed, hit different age-groups, displaying a so-called "W-trend", typically with two spikes in children and the elderly. However, healthy young adults were also affected. In order to avoid alarming the public, several local health authorities refused to reveal the numbers of people affected and deaths. Consequently, it was very difficult to assess the impact of the disease at the time. Although official communications issued by health authorities worldwide expressed certainty about the etiology of the infection, in laboratories it was not always possible to isolate the famous Pfeiffer's bacillus, which was, at that time, deemed to be the cause of influenza. The first official preventive actions were implemented in August 1918; these included the obligatory notification of suspected cases and the surveillance of communities such as day-schools, boarding schools and barracks. Identifying suspected cases through surveillance, and voluntary and/or mandatory quarantine or isolation, enabled the spread of Spanish flu to be curbed. At that time, these public health measures were the only effective weapons against the disease, as no vaccines or antivirals were available. Virological and bacteriological analysis of preserved samples from infected soldiers and other young people who died during the pandemic period is a major step toward a better understanding of this pandemic and of how to prepare for future pandemics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.