ArticlePediatric neurology2019
Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Brain Morphology Study in Infants and Toddlers With Down Syndrome: The Effect of Comorbidities.
Article in Pediatric neurology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Using fMRI to Assess Brain Activity in People With Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- Global and Local Processing of Letters and Faces in Children and Adolescents with Typical and Atypical Development.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Pontocerebellar hypoplasia: a review from 1912 to 2022.Brain communications · 2025Review
- Consequences of trisomy 21 for brain development in Down syndrome.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2024Review
- Neuroimaging abnormalities associated with immunotherapy responsiveness in Down syndrome regression disorder.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2024Article
- Volumetric differences of thalamic nuclei in children with trisomy 21.The neuroradiology journal · 2023Article
- A Brain Morphometry Study with Across-Site Harmonization Using a ComBat-Generalized Additive Model in Children and Adolescents.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Dissection of a Down syndrome-associated trisomy to separate the gene dosage-dependent and -independent effects of an extra chromosome.Human molecular genetics · 2023Article
- Distinct neuroanatomical and neuropsychological features of Down syndrome compared to related neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Differential volume reductions in the subcortical, limbic, and brainstem structures associated with behavior in Prader-Willi syndrome.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Developmental deficits and staging of dynamics of age associated Alzheimer's disease neurodegeneration and neuronal loss in subjects with Down syndrome.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2022Article
- Resistance training and Down Syndrome: A narrative review on considerations for exercise prescription and safety.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Review
- Aging with Down Syndrome-Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going?Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Specific Behavioral Responses Rather Than Autonomic Responses Can Indicate and Quantify Acute Pain among Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- Brain morphological changes in hypokinetic dysarthria of Parkinson's disease and use of machine learning to predict severity.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2020Article
- Early alterations in cortical and cerebellar regional brain growth in Down Syndrome: An in vivo fetal and neonatal MRI assessment.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDown syndrome (DS) is the most prevalent chromosomal disorder characterized by intellectual disability, multiple organ anomalies, generalized muscular hypotonia, and characteristic physical features. The presence of DS-associated medical comorbidities has contributed to brain morphologic changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate brain morphologic characteristics during infant and toddler ages in patients with DS using structural brain magnetic resonance imaging.
methodsStructural brain T1-weighted magnetic resonance images from participants with DS with complete chromosome 21 trisomy (n = 20; 1.6 ± 0.6 [mean ± standard deviation] years old) were analyzed using FreeSurfer. The measurements were compared with those of 60 gender- and age-matched neurotypical controls by Cohen's d statistic and unpaired t test with false discovery rate correction for multiple comparisons and analyzed using a univariate general linear model with the following DS-associated medical comorbidities: congenital cardiac disease, infantile spasms, and hypothyroidism.
resultsWe identified 27 candidate measurements with large effect sizes (absolute d > 0.8) and statistically significant differences (P < 6.9 × 10
conclusionThese results suggest that cerebellar gray matter and brainstem may represent the primary regions affected by the presence of an additional copy of chromosome 21.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.