ArticlePsychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy2019
Gendered racial microaggressions predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and cognitions among Black women living with HIV.
Article in Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of the neural correlates of sexual minority stress: towards an intersectional minority mosaic framework with implications for a future research agenda.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2022Pooled it
- Black Women Living with HIV: A Latent Profile Analysis of Intersectional Adversities, Resilience, and Mental Health.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2022Trial
- Associations Between Microaggressions, Discrimination, and Brain Health Among Black Women Living with HIV.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Neural reactivity to a racial trauma cue in an African American woman with alcohol use disorder and PTSD: Case report.Psychiatry research case reports · 2025Article
- Gendered racial microaggressions, self-silencing, and disordered eating in Black women.Body image · 2025Article
- Testing for Measurement Invariance (MI): Do the Structures of Microaggression, Discrimination, and Resilience Among Black Women Living with HIV Remain the Same Across Time?Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Sexual and Gender Minority Status Predicts Additional Variance in PTSD Symptoms After Accounting for Conventional Trauma Exposure.Stigma and health · 2025Article
- Mental Health and Substance Use Among Black Women Attending STD Clinics in Baltimore: The Role of Overt and Subtle Discrimination.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- The roles of psychosocial resources in reducing the impact of gendered racism on worry among Black women attending an HBCU.Journal of American college health : J of ACH · 2025Article
- Time Series Analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans: A Literature Review and Pilot Study.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2025Article
- Intersectional HIV stigma in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean: Insights and pathways forward - A scoping review.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- 'Taking it one day at a time' and 'Reaching back out to help someone': How transgender women living with HIV and community stakeholders navigate violence, oppression, and health through coping and advocacy.BMC public health · 2024Article
- A Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Cognitive and/or Behavioural Interventions Targeting Mental Health in LGBTQ+ Populations.Clinical psychology in Europe · 2024Review
- Do Resilience and Social Support Moderate the Association between Race-Related Stress on Black Women's Reports of Trauma Symptoms?Race and social problems · 2024Article
- From identity-based distress to thinking "I am better off being dead:" Minority stress, posttraumatic cognitions, and suicidal ideation.Journal of affective disorders · 2024Article
- Gendered Racial Microaggressions, Self-silencing, Substance Use, and HIV Outcomes Among Black Women Living with HIV: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Associations Between Direct and Indirect Forms of Racism Exposure and Stress-Induced Inflammatory Response and Health in Pregnancy.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2023Article
- Gendered Racial Microaggressions and Black Women's Sleep Health.Social psychology quarterly · 2023Article
- The Associations of Racial Discrimination and Neighborhood Disadvantage With World Assumptions Among Black, Latine, and Asian Young Adults.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2023Article
- Structural equation model of intersectional microaggressions, discrimination, resilience, and mental health among black women with hiv.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveGendered racial microaggression (GRM) experienced by Black women living with HIV (BWLWH) is a potentially important variable for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in this population. GRM refers to everyday insults experienced by Black women on the basis of being both Black and female (e.g., comments about Black women's hair and body). We investigated the associations between GRM, race- and HIV-related discrimination, and trauma symptoms among BWLWH and explored whether gendered racial microaggressions contributed uniquely to trauma symptoms above the contribution of race- and HIV-related discrimination.
methodOne-hundred BWLWH in the U.S. completed baseline measures on GRM (frequency and appraisal), racial discrimination, HIV-related discrimination, PTSD symptoms, and posttraumatic cognitions.
resultsHierarchical multiple linear regressions controlling for age, education, and income indicated that higher GRM and HIV-related discrimination predicted higher total PTSD symptoms, and higher GRM and racial discrimination predicted higher posttraumatic cognitions. Hierarchical multiple linear regressions with all predictors entered together revealed that only GRM contributed uniquely to both total PTSD symptoms and total posttraumatic cognitions. Analyses between GRM subscales and subscales of PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic cognitions indicated that GRM about beauty/sexual objectification and the strong Black women stereotype contributed uniquely and in interesting ways to PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic cognitions.
conclusionsOur findings highlight the importance of addressing intersectional adversities such as GRM for BWLWH, as well as recognizing the role that GRM may play in mental health symptoms for Black women. Future research and intervention efforts aimed at improving the well-being of BWLWH should address GRM. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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