ArticleEuropean journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society2021
Analysis of cervical spine immobilization during patient transport in emergency medical services.
Article in European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Immo Traffic Light System as a Decision-Making Tool for Prehospital Spinal Immobilization—A Systematic ReviewDeutsches Arzteblatt international · 2022Pooled it
- Evidence for the use of spinal collars in stabilising spinal injuries in the pre-hospital setting in trauma patients: a systematic review.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of prehospital cervical spine immobilization on mortality and neurological outcome in trauma patients: an observational cohort study with propensity score matching based on the trauma registry of the German trauma society (TraumaRegister DGU®).World journal of emergency surgery : WJES · 2026Observational
- Effectiveness and safety of techniques for cervical spine immobilization in mountain rescue.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Management Protocols for Spinal Injuries in Adult Patients: A Clinical Guideline : Management Recommendations for Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries.Galen medical journal · 2025Article
- Analysis of spine motion during prehospital extrication procedures in motorsport.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2024Article
- [Transport of severely injured trauma patients in an ambulance with and without a rigid neck orthosis: comparative biomechanical measurements].Die Anaesthesiologie · 2024Article
- Where Do We Stand on Cervical Spine Immobilisation? A Questionnaire among Prehospital Staff.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Validity of Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU Sensor) for Measurement of Cervical Spine Motion, Compared with Eight Optoelectronic 3D Cameras Under Spinal Immobilization Devices.Medical devices (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
- Traditional Spinal Immobilization versus Spinal Motion Restriction in Cervical Spine Movement; a Randomized Crossover Trial.Archives of academic emergency medicine · 2024Article
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- Comparing the Efficacy of Long Spinal Board, Sked Stretcher, and Vacuum Mattress in Cervical Spine Immobilization; a Method-Oriented Experimental Study.Archives of academic emergency medicine · 2023Article
- Epidemiology and predictors of traumatic spine injury in severely injured patients: implications for emergency procedures.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2022Article
- A multicenter cohort study on the association between prehospital immobilization and functional outcome of patients following spinal injury in Asia.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- [The position of the head during treatment in the emergency room-an explorative analysis of immobilization of the cervical spine].Der Anaesthesist · 2021Article
- Analysis of remaining motion using one innovative upper airway opening cervical collar and two traditional cervical collars.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Cervical Spine Immobilization in Patients With a Geriatric Facial Structure: The Influence of a Geriatric Mandible Structure on the Immobilization Quality Using a Cervical Collar.Geriatric orthopaedic surgery & rehabilitation · 2021Article
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- [Development and first application testing of a new protocol for preclinical spinal immobilization in children : Assessment of indications based on the E.M.S. IMMO Protocol Pediatric].Der Unfallchirurg · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeIt remains controversial how to immobilize the cervical spine (CS) in trauma patients. Therefore, we analyzed different CS immobilization techniques during prehospital patient transport.
methodsIn this explorative, biomechanical analysis of immobilization techniques conducted in a standardized setting, we recorded CS motion during patient transport using a wireless human motion tracker on a volunteer. To interpret spinal movement a benchmark called motionscore (MS) was developed based on biomechanics of the injured spine.
resultsWe found the best spinal motion restriction using a spine board, head blocks and immobilization straps with and without a cervical collar (CC) (MS 45 vs. 27). Spinal motion restriction on a vacuum mattress with CC and head blocks was superior to no CC or head blocks (MS 103 vs. 152). An inclined vacuum mattress was more effective with head blocks than without (MS 124 vs. 187). Minimal immobilization with an ambulance cot, CC, pillow and tape was slightly superior to a vacuum mattress with CC and head blocks (MS 92 vs. 103). Minimal immobilization without CC showed the lowest spinal motion restriction (MS 517).
conclusionsWe suggest an immobilization procedure customized to the individual situation. A spine board should be used whenever spinal motion restriction is indicated and the utilization is possible. In some cases, CS immobilization by a vacuum mattress with CC and head blocks could be more beneficial. In an unstable status of the patient, minimal immobilization may be performed using an ambulance cot, pillow, CC and tape to minimize time on scene caused by immobilization.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.