ArticleiScience2019
Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin Compromises the Blood-Brain Barrier in a Humanized Zebrafish Model.
Article in iScience, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Measuring blood-brain barrier dysfunction: a critical appraisal of fluid biomarkers, in vitro models, in vivo imaging, and post-mortem approaches.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Understanding the mechanistic and therapeutic perspectives on cytokines and chemokines in acute high-altitude illness syndromes.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2025Review
- The Biological Role of Conoporins, Actinoporin-like Pore-Forming Toxins from Cone Snails.Toxins · 2025Review
- Epsilon Toxin fromToxins · 2024Article
- The Barrier Disruption and Pyroptosis of Intestinal Epithelial Cells Caused by Perfringolysin O (PFO) fromCells · 2024Article
- Rapid altitude displacement induce zebrafish appearing acute high altitude illness symptoms.Heliyon · 2024Article
- The Molecular Architecture and Mode of Action ofToxins · 2024Review
- Article
- Epsilon toxin-producing Clostridium perfringens colonize the multiple sclerosis gut microbiome overcoming CNS immune privilege.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Article
- Article
- Interaction ofToxins · 2022Article
- New Mutants of Epsilon Toxin fromToxins · 2022Article
- CNS endothelial derived extracellular vesicles are biomarkers of active disease in multiple sclerosis.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2022Article
- Form and Function of the Vertebrate and Invertebrate Blood-Brain Barriers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- The MAL Protein, an Integral Component of Specialized Membranes, in Normal Cells and Cancer.Cells · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX) is hypothesized to mediate blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability by binding to the myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL) on the luminal surface of endothelial cells (ECs). However, the kinetics of this interaction and a general understanding of ETX's behavior in a live organism have yet to be appreciated. Here we investigate ETX binding and BBB breakdown in living Danio rerio (zebrafish). Wild-type zebrafish ECs do not bind ETX. When zebrafish ECs are engineered to express human MAL (hMAL), proETX binding occurs in a time-dependent manner. Injection of activated toxin in hMAL zebrafish initiates BBB leakage, hMAL downregulation, blood vessel stenosis, perivascular edema, and blood stasis. We propose a kinetic model of MAL-dependent ETX binding and neurovascular pathology. By generating a humanized zebrafish BBB model, this study contributes to our understanding of ETX-induced BBB permeability and strengthens the proposal that MAL is the ETX receptor.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.