ArticlePsychoneuroendocrinology2019
Experienced discrimination and racial differences in leukocyte gene expression.
Article in Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 83 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 127 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rethinking immune studies: population-level immune variations and the path forward.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Black People Coping With Racism: Approaches, Analysis, and Empowerment.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2023Pooled it
- Perceived Discrimination and Immunological Aging: A Systematic Review of Cellular and Molecular Markers.Biopsychosocial science and medicinePooled it
- An extraverted behavior intervention improves immune gene expression.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Trial
- Examining changes in pain interference via pandemic-induced isolation among patients receiving medication for opioid use disorder: a secondary data analysis.BMC public health · 2024Trial
- Discrimination and C-reactive protein across the life course: Findings from three national US cohorts.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Curvilinear associations of discrimination attributions with inflammatory and antiviral gene expression.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Perceived everyday discrimination and leukocyte gene expression in a nationally representative sample of U.S. Adults.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Reported Racial Discrimination in Healthcare Settings and Impacts on Health Outcomes in a Racially Diverse Sample in the United States: Findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Discrimination exposure and lymphocyte differentiation: Results from the health and retirement study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- A latent measure of cultural racism and its association with US mortality and life expectancy.Nature human behaviour · 2025Article
- Discrimination and dendritic cell abundance among older adults in the health and retirement study.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Perceived discrimination and monocyte abundance in older adults: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2025Article
- Peer victimization in adolescence alters gene expression and cytokine profiles during transition to adulthood.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Article
- The chronospatial revolution in psychology.Nature human behaviour · 2025Review
- Health Disparities at the Intersection of Racism, Social Determinants of Health, and Downstream Biological Pathways.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Review
- How community connection, homophobia, and racism shape gene expression in sexual minority men with and without HIV.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2025Article
- Gerotherapeutics: aging mechanism-based pharmaceutical and behavioral interventions to reduce cancer racial and ethnic disparities.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2025Review
- Genome-wide transcriptome differences associated with perceived discrimination in an urban, community-dwelling middle-aged cohort.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Racial disparities in health outcomes between African Americans and European Americans have been well-documented, but not fully understood. Chronic inflammation contributes to several of the diseases showing racial disparities (e.g., Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV]), and racial differences in stress exposure (e.g., experiences of racial discrimination) that stimulate pro-inflammatory processes that may contribute to differential health outcomes. We performed a cross-sectional bioinformatic analyses relating perceived discrimination (as measured by the Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire [PED-Q]) to the activity of pro-inflammatory, neuroendocrine, and antiviral transcription control pathways relevant to the conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA) in peripheral blood leukocytes. Subjects were 71 individuals (37 HIV-seropositive (HIV+); 34 HIV-seronegative (HIV-)) (mean age = 53 years, range 27-63), who self-identified either as African American/Black (n = 48) or European American/White (n = 23). This provided the opportunity to examine the independent effects of race and HIV, as well as the modifying role of perceived discrimination on pathways involved in CTRA. Exploratory analysis examined the interactive effects of HIV and race on pathways involved in CTRA. Relative to European Americans, African Americans showed increased activity of two key pro-inflammatory transcription control pathways (NF- кB and AP-1) and two stress-responsive signaling pathways (CREB and glucocorticoid receptor); these effects did not differ significantly as a function of HIV infection (HIV x Race interaction, all p > .10). Results suggested that differences in experiences of racial discrimination could potentially account for more than 50% of the total race-related difference in pro-inflammatory transcription factor activity. In sum, differential exposure to racial discrimination may contribute to racial disparities in health outcomes in part by activating threat-related molecular programs that stimulate inflammation and contribute to increased risk of chronic illnesses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.