ReviewApplied and environmental microbiology2019
Benzalkonium Chlorides: Uses, Regulatory Status, and Microbial Resistance.
Review in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 166 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
166 citing papers in PubMed, 389 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mouthrinses against SARS-CoV-2 - High antiviral effectivity by membrane disruption in vitro translates to mild effects in a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.Virus research · 2022Trial
- Blocking IL-6 trans-signaling mitigates benzalkonium chloride-induced inflammation, oxidative imbalance, ER stress, and barrier disruption in human corneal epithelial cells.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2026Article
- Genomic characterization of efflux pumps and putative small multidrug resistance (SMR)-like transporters in disinfectant-tolerant coagulase-negative staphylococci from a Vietnamese hospital.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- A New Sustainable Approach to Antibiotic Resistance: Development of bis-Quaternary Ammonium Salts From 2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-Triazine.ChemMedChem · 2026Article
- Maleic Acid-Grafted Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Hydrogels Synthesized by Gamma Radiation for pH-Responsive Drug Delivery.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Surface-Engineered Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots with Quaternary Ammonium for Fluorescent Sensing, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Applications.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Non-uniform susceptibility profiles observed inMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Bacterial sensitivity distributions for biocides and metals.FEMS microbiology ecology · 2026Article
- Short-Term Within-Host Genomic Diversity and Clone Turnover of Carbapenem-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Benzalkonium Chloride-Induced Nephrotoxicity in 2D Cultures and a Human Kidney-on-a-Chip System.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- A Biosorption Study of Triclosan and Benzalkonium Chloride: Exploring the Role of Biofilm and Soil Grain Surface Chemistry in Drainfields.ACS ES&T water · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- When Disinfection Fails: Biocide Tolerance as a Driver ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Exploiting Greener Formulations of Benzalkonium Chloride with Enhanced Antibacterial Properties.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Mechanism and Molecular Design Principles of Cationic Surfactants: From Charge-Driven Membrane Interactions to Next-Generation Quaternary Ammonium Compounds.ChemMedChem · 2026Review
- Driving Antibiotic Resistance Evolution ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of tricalcium silicate-based cements with different antibacterial additives.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Benzalkonium Chloride Tolerance AmongPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
106 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are chemicals with widespread applications due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review provides an overview of the market for BACs, as well as regulatory measures and available data on safety, toxicity, and environmental contamination. We focus on the effect of frequent exposure of microbial communities to BACs and the potential for cross-resistant phenotypes to emerge. Toward this goal, we review BAC concentrations in consumer products, their correlation with the emergence of tolerance in microbial populations, and the associated risk potential. Our analysis suggests that the ubiquitous and frequent use of BACs in commercial products can generate selective environments that favor microbial phenotypes potentially cross-resistant to a variety of compounds. An analysis of benefits versus risks should be the guidepost for regulatory actions regarding compounds such as BACs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.