ArticlePloS one2019
Impact of reproductive aging on the vaginal microbiome and soluble immune mediators in women living with and at-risk for HIV infection.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Impact of HIV on Accelerated Aging in the Female Genital Tract: a Pilot Trial of Topical Estradiol to Improve the Vaginal Microbiome and Symptoms of Vaginal Atrophy in Menopausal Women With HIV
Vaginal Estradiol Versus Moisturizer to Improve Postmenopausal Vaginal Aging Symptoms, Dysbiosis and Markers of Latency Reversal in Menopausal Women Living With HIV
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Vaginal Estradiol on the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause, Vaginal Microbiome and Mucosal Immune Mediators in Women With HIV.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Trial
- Impact of Topical Interventions on the Vaginal Microbiota and Metabolome in Postmenopausal Women: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- Trial
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Mucosal Dynamics Contributing to Innate Immune Responses to HIV in the Human Female Genital Tract.Viruses · 2026Review
- Multi-site microbiota crosstalk in the postmenopausal: from dysbiosis mechanisms to precision interventions.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Southern African HIV Clinicians Society clinical guideline for the management of older people with HIV.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2026Article
- Cervicovaginal Secretions in Young Women With Bacterial Vaginosis Enhance HIV Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Health disorders in menopausal women: microbiome alterations, associated problems, and possible treatments.Biomedical engineering online · 2025Review
- Beyond hormones: 3PM approach to vaginal microbiota dynamics in postmenopausal women.The EPMA journal · 2025Review
- No change in key HIV target cell markers following initiation of three progestin-based hormonal contraception methods: findings from the CHIME study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- HIV-Associated Genital Immune Biomarkers in the Female Sex Worker Population: A Pilot Study.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2024Article
- IgA coating of vaginal bacteria is reduced in the setting of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and preferentially targets BV-associated species.Infection and immunity · 2024Article
- Female reproductive tract microbiome and early miscarriages.APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica · 2023Review
- Molecular Identification of Cervical Microbes in HIV-Negative and HIV-Positive Women in an African Setting Using a Customized Bacterial Vaginosis Microbial DNA Quantitative PCR (qPCR) Array.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Menopause care in women living with HIV in the UK - A review.Journal of virus eradication · 2022Review
- The Association Between HIV Status, Estradiol, and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Among Premenopausal Women in the Women's Interagency HIV Study.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2022Article
- Human beta defensin levels and vaginal microbiome composition in post-menopausal women diagnosed with lichen sclerosus.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The impact of aging on innate and adaptive immunity in the human female genital tract.Aging cell · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundReproductive aging may impact the vaginal microbiome and genital tract mucosal immune environment and contribute to genital tract health in women living with and at-risk for HIV infection.
methodsA cross-sectional study of 102 HIV+ (51 premenopausal, 51 postmenopausal) and 39 HIV-uninfected (HIV-) (20 premenopausal, 19 postmenopausal) women was performed in Bronx and Brooklyn, NY. Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) was collected for quantification of innate antimicrobial activity against E. coli, HSV-2 and HIV and immune mediators by Luminex and ELISA. Microbiome studies by qPCR and 16S rRNA sequencing were performed on vaginal swabs.
resultsHIV+ postmenopausal compared to premenopausal participants had lower median E. coli bactericidal activity (41% vs. 62%, p = 0.001), lower median gene copies of Lactobacillus crispatus (p = 0.005) and Lactobacillus iners (p = 0.019), lower proportions of Lactobacillus iners, higher proportions of Gardnerella and Atopobium vaginae and lower levels of human beta defensins (HBD-2, HBD-3) and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), p<0.001. HSV-2 inhibitory activity was higher in HIV+ postmenopausal compared to premenopausal participants (37% vs. 17%, p = 0.001) and correlated with the proinflammatory molecules interleukin (IL) 6, IL-8, human neutrophil peptide (HNP) 1-3, lactoferrin and fibronectin. Similar trends were observed in HIV- postmenopausal compared to premenopausal participants. HIV inhibitory activity did not differ by reproductive status in the HIV+ participants but was significantly higher in HIV- postmenopausal compared to premenopausal participants and in participants with suppressed plasma viral load, and inversely correlated with gene copies of G. vaginalis and BVAB2. A significant proportion of HIV+ participants on ART exhibited HIV enhancing activity.
conclusionsHIV+ postmenopausal compared to premenopausal participants have less CVL E. coli bactericidal activity, reflecting a reduction in Lactobacilli and a greater proportion of Gardnerella and A. vaginae, and more HSV-2 inhibitory activity, reflecting increased mucosal inflammation. The effect of menopause on mucosal immunity was greater in HIV+ participants, suggesting a synergistic impact. Promotion of a lactobacillus dominant vaginal microbiome and reduced mucosal inflammation may improve vaginal health and reduce risk for shedding of HIV and potential for HIV transmission in HIV+ menopausal women.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.