ReviewFrontiers in immunology2019
Cytokines: Key Determinants of Resistance or Disease Progression in Visceral Leishmaniasis: Opportunities for Novel Diagnostics and Immunotherapy.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 101 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
101 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 206 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between interleukin 10 (IL-10) polymorphisms and leishmaniasis progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Use of N-acetylcysteine as treatment adjuvant regulates immune response in visceral leishmaniasis: Pilot clinical trial andFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Trial
- IgG3 and IL10 are effective biomarkers for monitoring therapeutic effectiveness in Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Trial
- An Insight Into Systemic Immune Response inFrontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Cutaneous Leishmaniasis by Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization and Skin Tissue Repair in a Murine Model.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- A Trypanothione Synthetase-Based Subunit Vaccine Induces Protective Th1 Immunity against Visceral Leishmaniasis in Mice.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Exploring the Probiotic Potential and Immunomodulatory Capacity of Lactococcus lactis NCDO 2118 Against Bacterial Pathogens and Trypanosoma cruzi.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Brain Involvement in Leishmaniasis.Cell biochemistry and function · 2026Review
- Antileishmanial and Immunomodulatory Activity of Paclitaxel and Docetaxel Combined with Miltefosine and Paromomycin.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Leishmania infantum in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes): from clinical findings to cytokine expression.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Cytokine gene expression in feline leishmaniasis: why cats might be less clinically affected than dogs.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Leishmaniasis: pathogenesis, host immunity, and the evolving landscape of immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Revisiting visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients: Ongoing gaps and advances in diagnostics, therapies, and preventive measures.Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2026Review
- Enhanced Topical Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Using Niosomal Gel of Tioxolone-Benzoxonium Chloride: In silico, in vitro, and in vivo Evaluation.Research and reports in tropical medicine · 2026Article
- Leishmania infantum-specific production of IL-17a in stimulated blood from dogs in different clinical stages of leishmaniosis.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Immunotherapeutics Combining a Recombinant Chimeric Protein, Monophosphoryl Lipid A, and Miltefosine Against Visceral Leishmaniasis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Therapeutic Effect of Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) Root Extract on Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniosis in a BALB/c Mouse Model.Veterinary medicine and science · 2025Article
- IL-12 and IFN-γ in Response to Leishmania Infantum Antigens in Felines From an Endemic Area for Visceral Leishmaniasis.Parasite immunology · 2025Article
- Transcriptome profiling of L. infantum-infected human macrophages reveals sex-specific type I interferon induction.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Genome-wide association study analysis of single nucleotide variants inParasitology · 2025Article
41 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease of humans, highly prevalent in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. The disease mainly occurs in three different clinical forms namely cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The VL affects several internal organs and is the deadliest form of the disease. Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of VL are variable based on the vector, parasite (e.g., species, strains, and antigen diversity), host (e.g., genetic background, nutrition, diversity in antigen presentation and immunity) and the environment (e.g., temperature, humidity, and hygiene). Chemotherapy of VL is limited to a few drugs which is expensive and associated with profound toxicity, and could become ineffective due to the parasites developing resistance. Till date, there are no licensed vaccines for humans against leishmaniasis. Recently, immunotherapy has become an attractive strategy as it is cost-effective, causes limited side-effects and do not suffer from the downside of pathogens developing resistance. Among various immunotherapeutic approaches, cytokines (produced by helper T-lymphocytes) based immunotherapy has received great attention especially for drug refractive cases of human VL. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge on the molecular interactions of immune cells or components and on cytokines interplay in the host defense or pathogenesis is important to determine appropriate immunotherapies for leishmaniasis. Here, we summarized the current understanding of a wide-spectrum of cytokines and their interaction with immune cells that determine the clinical outcome of leishmaniasis. We have also highlighted opportunities for the development of novel diagnostics and intervention therapies for VL.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.