ReviewVaccines2019
A Comparison of Plasmid DNA and mRNA as Vaccine Technologies.
Review in Vaccines, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05171946 (Phase-I, Single Center, Randomized, Dosage Finding Study, to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of a Prophylactic COVID-19 pDNA Vaccine After Multiple Ascending Doses in Healthy Adults), which is not on this map. Cited by 235 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase-I, Single Center, Randomized, Dosage Finding Study, to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of a Prophylactic COVID-19 pDNA Vaccine After Multiple Ascending Doses in Healthy Adults
Who cites it
235 citing papers in PubMed, 417 citations in OpenAlex.
- A first-in-human trial on the safety and immunogenicity of COVID-eVax, a cellular response-skewed DNA vaccine against COVID-19.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2023Trial
- Opportunities and challenges for cancer immunotherapy based on antigen cross-presentation.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- GnRH-Based Immunocastration Vaccines: Comparative Analysis and Role in Boar Taint Reduction.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Immunotherapeutic modalities for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria: therapeutic promises of antibodies and next-generation vaccines.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Activated T cell extracellular vesicle DNA transfer enhances antigen presentation and anti-tumor immunity.Cancer cell · 2026Article
- Extrahepatic Gene Editing In Vivo Using Organic Solvent-Free Lipid Nanoparticles.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination with GRA35-Encoding DNA and mRNA Vaccines Enhances Protective Immunity AgainstMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Optimizing In Vivo CAR T-cell Engineering for Cancer Immunotherapy.Cancer research · 2026Review
- Comparison of Immune Cell Transfection by Different Vaccine Vectors After Intradermal Injection.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Lipid-free, thermostable mRNA vaccines prepared using atomic layer deposition.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Article
- Direct Cytoplasmic Transcription and Trimeric RBD Design Synergize to Enhance DNA Vaccine Potency Against SARS-CoV-2.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Fluorinated lipid nanoparticles enable real-time tracking of mRNA delivery and uncover spatiotemporal mechanisms of immune activation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- West Nile Virus: Epidemiology, Surveillance, and Prophylaxis with a Comparative Insight from Italy and Iran.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Article
- Microbial Biotechnology in Medicine.Progress in molecular and subcellular biology · 2026Review
- Review
- Robust Functionality and Regulation of Selectively Expressed RNA as AAV Vectors and In Vitro Transcribed Molecules.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Article
- Pharmacological Prevention in Breast Cancer: Current Evidence, Challenges, and Future Directions.Cancers · 2025Review
- Review
175 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This review provides a comparison of the theoretical issues and experimental findings for plasmid DNA and mRNA vaccine technologies. While both have been under development since the 1990s, in recent years, significant excitement has turned to mRNA despite the licensure of several veterinary DNA vaccines. Both have required efforts to increase their potency either via manipulating the plasmid DNA and the mRNA directly or through the addition of adjuvants or immunomodulators as well as delivery systems and formulations. The greater inherent inflammatory nature of the mRNA vaccines is discussed for both its potential immunological utility for vaccines and for the potential toxicity. The status of the clinical trials of mRNA vaccines is described along with a comparison to DNA vaccines, specifically the immunogenicity of both licensed veterinary DNA vaccines and select DNA vaccine candidates in human clinical trials.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.