ArticleJournal of environmental and public health2019
Safety of Drinking Water from Primary Water Sources and Implications for the General Public in Uganda.
Article in Journal of environmental and public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- User perceptions of a point-of-use water filtration device: Qualitative, focus group study.PloS one · 2026Article
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- Multivariate analysis of heavy metals content of beef from Soroti, Uganda.Toxicology reports · 2023Article
- Tap versus Bottled Water in Kampala, Uganda: Analyses of Consumers' Perception alongside Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality.Journal of environmental and public health · 2022Article
- Detoxification and recovery after cadmium exposure in the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
- Descriptive Analysis of Heavy Metals Content of Beef From Eastern Uganda and Their Safety for Public Consumption.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
- Article
- Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality in Schools in a District Area in Hanoi, Vietnam.Environmental health insights · 2020Article
- Consumption of Raw Herbal Medicines Is Associated with Major Public Health Risks amongst Ugandans.Journal of environmental and public health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: There is scarcity of information about the quality and safety of drinking water in Africa. Without such vital information, sustainable development goal number 6 which promotes availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation remains elusive especially in developing countries. The study aimed at determining concentrations of inorganic compounds, estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and identify safe drinking water source sources in Southwestern Uganda. Methods: This was an observational study in which 40 drinking water samples were collected from georeferenced boreholes, springs, open wells, bottled, and taps within Bushenyi district of Southwestern Uganda. Water samples were analyzed for copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) levels using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Water safety measures (EDI, HI, and ILCR) were established for each water source and compared with local and international water permissible standards for each analyte. A spatial map was drawn using qGIS®, and analysis of quantitative data was done using MS Excel 2013 at 95% significance. Results: Heavy metals were present in the following order: 11.276 ppm > 4.4623 ppm > 0.81 ppm > 0.612 ppm > 0.161 ppm for Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd, respectively, while Cr was not detected. Fe was the primary water heavy metal in the order of open well > borehole > tap > spring > bottled water. This was followed by Zn levels in the order of tap > bottled > spring > borehole > open well. All compounds were within international water safety standards except Pb. Hence, there is need for the government of Uganda to establish water filtration systems, particularly for Pb to improve the quality of water for the general public. The EDI was similar ( Conclusion: The current identified Fe is a major heavy metal in drinking water of Uganda, and boreholes were the major safest sources of drinking water identified in this study.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.