ArticleEuropean journal of clinical nutrition2020
Caffeine and caffeine metabolites in relation to hypertension in U.S. adults.
Article in European journal of clinical nutrition, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Coffee, caffeine, and cardiovascular health: navigating risks and benefits-an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Pooled it
- Exploratory metabolomic profiling reveals metabolic alterations potentially associated with pain and blood pressure regulation in a high-sugar diet rat model.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Electricity-driven site-selective deuteration of pharmaceuticals.Chemical science · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic Insights into Caffeine Degradation Pathways inMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Principal Components Analysis of Spot Urine Caffeine and Caffeine Metabolites Identifies Promising Exposure Biomarkers of Caffeine and Theobromine Intake in a Cross-Sectional Survey of the United States Population (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2014).Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of altered hepatic drug disposition during pregnancy: small molecules.Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology · 2025Review
- The Role of Xenobiotic Caffeine on Cardiovascular Health: Promises and Challenges.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Review
- Caffeine: A Multifunctional Efficacious Molecule with Diverse Health Implications and Emerging Delivery Systems.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Role of uric acid in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on Alzheimer and Parkinson disease: A new perspective.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2024Review
- Association of caffeine consumption with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in adult Americans with hypertension.Food science & nutrition · 2024Article
- Overview of Caffeine Effects on Human Health and Emerging Delivery Strategies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Caffeine Synthesis and Its Mechanism and Application by Microbial Degradation, A Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Effect of Caffeine Consumption on Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Review.Pharmaceutical medicine · 2023Review
- The relationship between caffeine and its metabolites and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional analysis from the NHANES database.Journal of nutritional science · 2023Article
- Associations of urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites with metabolic syndrome in US adults.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Association of caffeine intake with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly patients with hypertension.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Constructing xenobiotic maps of metabolism to predict enzymes catalyzing metabolites capable of binding to DNA.BMC bioinformatics · 2021Article
- Association Between Serum Calcium and the Prevalence of Hypertension Among US Adults.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2021Article
- Massive β1-Adrenergic Receptor Reaction Explains Irreversible Acute Arrhythmia in a Fatal Case of Acute Pure Caffeine Intoxication.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2021Article
- Untargeted metabolomics for uncovering biological markers of human skeletal muscle ageing.Aging · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesMost studies assessing the association between coffee consumption and hypertension ascertained caffeine intake in terms of number of cups per days, and yield mixed results. Although the inter-individuals variability in the caffeine metabolism is known, the relation of caffeine metabolites with hypertension remains unsettled. We examined the association of caffeine and 13 direct and indirect caffeine metabolites with hypertension in U.S. adults.
methodsUsing data from 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we included 2278 individuals aged 18 to 80 years. Urinary methyluric acids (MU) and methylxanthines (MX) products of caffeine metabolism were measured using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. We used multivariate logistic regression to model hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥80 mmHg) as functions of urinary coffee metabolites.
resultsThe odds of hypertension decreased across quartiles of 3-MU, 7-MU, 3-MX and 7-MX, with 7-MU being the more powerful metabolite. Compared with adults in the bottom quartile of 7-MU, the odds of hypertension decreased by 81% (95% CI: -90 to -22%) in those in the upper quartile. In contrast, the odds ratio for being hypertensive from the bottom to the upper quartile were 4.47 (95% CI: 1.21-16.50) for 1,3-dimethyluric acid, 4.45 (95% CI: 1.48-13.39) for 1,3-dimethylxanthine, and 5.08 (95% CI: 1.11-23.36) for 1,7-dimethylxanthine. Neither insulin resistance nor abdominal obesity were moderators in these associations.
conclusionsFinal metabolites of caffeine (namely 3-MU, 7-MU, 3-MX and 7-MX), but not caffeine, significantly reduce the odds for hypertension in this population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.