ReviewAmino acids2020
The role of polyamines in the regulation of macrophage polarization and function.
Review in Amino acids, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06249620 (A Randomized Controlled Trial of Oral Suplementation With AM3, Hesperidin and Spermidine on Immunity Response and Biological Age in Healthy Volunteers.), which is not on this map. Cited by 105 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Oral Suplementation With AM3, Hesperidin and Spermidine on Immunity Response and Biological Age in Healthy Volunteers.
Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 178 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal obesity alters human milk oligosaccharides content and correlates with early acquisition of late colonizers in the neonatal gut microbiome.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Dual regulation of inflammation and ferroptosis: An injectable hydrogel targeting macrophages for the treatment of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis and knee osteoarthritis.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Regulation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS2) Expression in Healthy and Inflamed Bowel: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Spatial transcriptomics supports a role for SOX4-driven signaling throughout the disease course of biliary atresia.Hepatology communications · 2026Article
- Dynamic remodeling of amino acid metabolism in tumor-associated macrophages: Fueling immunosuppression, reshaping tumor niches, and unlocking metabolic checkpoints.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Metabolic regulation of tumor-associated macrophage function and immunotherapy in cancer.Cancer biology & medicine · 2026Review
- Macrophage-intrinsic and IL-9-dependent arginine metabolism promotes lung tumor growth.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- An image-based transcriptomics atlas reveals the regional and microbiota-dependent molecular, cellular, and spatial structure of the murine gut.Cell host & microbe · 2026Article
- Using animal models to decipher the role of polyamines in the pancreas and β Cell.Amino acids · 2026Review
- Tumor microenvironment dynamics in gastric cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicle-derived miRNA-182-5p educates macrophages towards an immunosuppressive phenotype in pancreatic cancer.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Integrating single-cell RNA-seq and machine learning to dissect polyamine metabolism in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Polyamine metabolism in cancer: drivers of immune evasion, ferroptosis and therapy resistance.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2025Review
- ODC-Driven Polyamines Synthesis Sustains the Self-Renewal of Glioblastoma Stem Cells and Drives Tumor Aggressiveness.Cancer science · 2025Article
- Polyamine acetylation mediates crosstalk between cancer cells and myeloid cells to promote mesenchymal/plurimetabolic states in glioblastoma.Neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Integrated Metabolomics and Spatial Transcriptomics of Cystic Pancreatic Cancer Precursors Reveals Dysregulated Polyamine Metabolism as a Biomarker of Progression.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2025Article
- G1 and G2 ApolipoproteinL1 modulate macrophage inflammation and lipid accumulation through the polyamine pathway.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Engineering the Immune Response to Biomaterials.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Effect of Putrescine Inoculation In Ovo on Hatchability, Hepatic and Muscular Glycogen Reserve, Intestinal Morphology, and Performance of Broilers.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- ADAR1-high tumor-associated macrophages induce drug resistance and are therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer.Molecular cancer · 2025Article
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Naturally occurring polyamines are ubiquitously distributed and play important roles in cell development, amino acid and protein synthesis, oxidative DNA damage, proliferation, and cellular differentiation. Macrophages are essential in the innate immune response, and contribute to tissue remodeling. Naïve macrophages have two major potential fates: polarization to (1) the classical pro-inflammatory M1 defense response to bacterial pathogens and tumor cells, and (2) the alternatively activated M2 response, induced in the presence of parasites and wounding, and also implicated in the development of tumor-associated macrophages. ODC, the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine synthesis, leads to an increase in putrescine levels, which impairs M1 gene transcription. Additionally, spermidine and spermine can regulate translation of pro-inflammatory mediators in activated macrophages. In this review, we focus on polyamines in macrophage activation patterns in the context of gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. We seek to clarify mechanisms of innate immune regulation by polyamine metabolism and potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.