ArticleCanada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada2019
Effectiveness of hand hygiene practices in preventing influenza virus infection in the community setting: A systematic review.
Article in Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Limited handwashing facility and associated factors in sub-Saharan Africa: pooled prevalence and multilevel analysis of 29 sub-Saharan Africa countries from demographic health survey data.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Preventive effects of tea and tea catechins against influenza and acute upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Surgical Face Masks in Reducing Acute Respiratory Infections in Non-Healthcare Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Strategies for Preventing Nosocomial Influenza in Acute-Care Hospitals: A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Risk and resilience factors associated with the progression of influenza to severe disease outcomes: umbrella review protocol.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Network analysis reveals causal relationships among individual background risk factors leading to influenza susceptibility.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The global burden of swine influenza and its mitigation.Open veterinary journal · 2025Review
- Evaluating hand hygiene knowledge, attitudes, and practices among healthcare workers in post-pandemic H1N1 influenza control: a cross-sectional study from China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Analysis of the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions on influenza during the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic by time-series forecasting.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Participatory action research to co-design a culturally appropriate COVID-19 risk communication and community engagement strategy in rural Pakistan.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Reemerging Influenza Virus Infections during the Dominance of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Mexico.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- How are hygiene programmes designed in crises? Qualitative interviews with humanitarians in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Iraq.Conflict and health · 2022Article
- Nonpharmaceutical interventions to prevent viral respiratory infection in community settings: an umbrella review.ERJ open research · 2022Review
- Public health implications of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: a rapid scoping review.BMJ open · 2021Article
- COVID-19 Pandemic and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Impacts, Challenges, and Mitigation Strategies.Environmental health insights · 2021Review
- Association between well-being and compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures by healthcare professionals: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2021Article
- Lower respiratory tract infection in the community: associations between viral aetiology and illness course.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHand hygiene is known to be an effective infection prevention and control measure in health care settings. However, the effectiveness of hand hygiene practices in preventing influenza infection and transmission in the community setting is not clear.
objectiveTo identify, review and synthesize available evidence on the effectiveness of hand hygiene in preventing laboratory-confirmed or possible influenza infection and transmission in the community setting.
methodsA systematic review protocol was established prior to conducting the review. Three electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library) were searched to identify relevant studies. Two reviewers independently screened the titles, abstracts and full-texts of studies retrieved from the database searches for potential eligibility. Data extraction and quality assessment of included studies were performed by a single reviewer and validated by a second reviewer. Included studies were synthesized and analyzed narratively.
resultsA total of 16 studies were included for review. Studies were of low methodological quality and there was high variability in study design, setting, context and outcome measures. Nine studies evaluated the effectiveness of hand hygiene interventions or practices in preventing laboratory-confirmed or possible influenza infection in the community setting; six studies showed a significant difference, three studies did not. Seven studies assessed the effectiveness of hand hygiene practices in preventing laboratory-confirmed or possible influenza transmission in the community setting; two studies found a significant difference and five studies did not.
conclusionThe effectiveness of hand hygiene against influenza virus infection and transmission in the community setting is difficult to determine based on the available evidence. In light of its proven effectiveness in other settings, there is no compelling evidence to stop using good hand hygiene practice to reduce the risk of influenza infection and transmission in the community setting.
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