Observational studyBMC public health2019
Income and education predict elevated depressive symptoms in the general population: results from the Gutenberg health study.
Observational study in BMC public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Similarities and Differences of Mental Health in Women and Men: A Systematic Review of Findings in Three Large German Cohorts.Frontiers in public health · 2021Pooled it
- Psychological interventions for depression during post-acute inpatient rehabilitation after traumatic or non-traumatic spinal injury: a matched-case control study.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Observational
- Socioeconomic Status Is Associated With Reward Processing, Interleukin 1β, Striatal Connectivity, and Antidepressant Outcomes in Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder: A CAN-BIND-1 Report.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Trends in depressive symptoms in Germany's adult population 2008-2023.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Helpful or harmful? How cancer beliefs and information seeking relate to depression in U.S. adults.PloS one · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic and geographic disparities in psychiatric outcomes under Colombia's universal healthcare system.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Association of psychiatric comorbidities with chronic urticaria: a nested case-control study in the All of Us research program.JEADV clinical practice · 2025Article
- The Combined Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, Metals, and Behavioral and Social Factors on Depressive Symptoms.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The burden of depression among women of childbearing age globally from 1990 to 2019.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2025Article
- Persistence of anxiety and depression symptoms and their impact on the COVID-19 vaccine uptake.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2024Article
- Financial assets and mental health over time.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The relationship between self-reported antipsychotics side effects and depression in Saudi Arabia.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2024Article
- Association between Sociodemographic Factors and Depressive Symptoms among Adult Population in Serbia.Iranian journal of public health · 2024Article
- Association between drinking water quality and mental health and the modifying role of diet: a prospective cohort study.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- The differential role of socioeconomic status dimensions in depressive symptoms of aging adults: data from the Hamburg City Health cohort Study.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Changes in the prevalence of severe anxiety and depression symptoms and the associated factors in adults living in Manaus: a comparison of two cross-sectional studies conducted in 2015 and 2019.Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina · 2024Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in depression and the role of job conditions in China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- The association of job training duration and risk of depression among wage workers: an analysis of the mediating factors.Annals of occupational and environmental medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Mental illness rates among employees with fixed-term versus permanent employment contracts: a Danish cohort study.International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSocioeconomic status (SES) has a strong association with depression or physical and mental health in general. However, as SES is a multifaceted construct these associations are not easy to explain. Further, there are several indicators and many studies only investigating two or less indicators at the same time. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the cross-sectional and longitudinal association of three defined SES dimensions (education, occupational position and household net-income) with the occurrence of elevated symptoms of depression relative to the impact of important covariates.
methodsThe study included observational data from 12,484 participants of the Gutenberg Health Study. The outcome was "elevated depressive symptoms" as defined by Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) ≥ 2 at the 2.5-year follow-up. Regression coefficients were adjusted for baseline covariates (age, sex, partnership, depression, anxiety, medical history of depressive or anxiety disorder and major medical diseases (MMD)) in addition to SES sum score and the three single indicators. We further examined interaction terms of the SES with sex, partnership and major medical diseases. We analyzed the sample stratified by elevated depressive symptoms at baseline, as we expected different trajectories in both subgroups.
resultsSES, education and household net-income were lower in the group of persons with PHQ-2 ≥ 2 at baseline, and they predicted the occurrence of PHQ-2 ≥ 2 at 2.5 year follow-up in the group of persons without elevated depressive symptoms at baseline after multivariable adjustment (SES: Odds Ratio (OR) 0.96, 0.95-0.98, p < 0.0001; education: OR 0.96, 0.93-0.99, p = 0.036; household net-income: OR 0.96, 0.92-0.99, p = 0.046) but not in the group of persons with elevated depressive symptoms at baseline. Further, we found that the impact of major medical diseases on the development of elevated depressive symptoms was buffered by high income. In addition, living in a partnership buffered the impact of a low occupational position.
conclusionsRegarding the SES, the dimensions education and household net-income seem to play the most important role for socioeconomic inequalities in persons in Mid-West Germany with depressive symptoms.
trial registrationReference no. 837.020.07; original vote: 22.3.2007, latest update: 20.10.2015.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.