ArticleInflammation2019
Probucol Ameliorates Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Hyperalgesia by Targeting Peripheral and Spinal Cord Inflammation.
Article in Inflammation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Therapeutic Effects of Spent Ground Coffee Oil on Nociception, Anxiety- and Depression-Like Behaviors, and Inflammatory Mechanisms in a CFA-Induced Intraplantar Inflammation Model in Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Effects of Combined Shinbaro and Celecoxib in a Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Inflammatory Pain Mouse Model.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Antinociceptive effects of gamma-linolenic acid in the formalin test in the rats.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Article
- Andrographolide inhibits the activation of spinal microglia and ameliorates mechanical allodynia.Metabolic brain disease · 2024Article
- Lumbar endplate microfracture injury induces Modic-like changes, intervertebral disc degeneration and spinal cord sensitization - an in vivo rat model.The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society · 2023Article
- Lumbar endplate microfracture injury induces Modic-like changes, intervertebral disc degeneration and spinal cord sensitization - An In Vivo Rat Model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Caloric Restriction Alleviates CFA-Induced Inflammatory PainFrontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- Macrophages and glial cells: Innate immune drivers of inflammatory arthritic pain perception from peripheral joints to the central nervous system.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Intrathecal Administration of an Anti-nociceptive Non-CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Reduces Glial Activation and Central Sensitization.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2021Article
- Article
- Effect of Probucol on Proliferation of Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma, Lymphoma, and Fibroblast Cells.Turkish journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2021Article
- Decrease of IL-1β and TNF in the Spinal Cord Mediates Analgesia Produced by Ankle Joint Mobilization in Complete Freund Adjuvant-Induced Inflammation Mice Model.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Bee venom reduces burn-induced pain via the suppression of peripheral and central substance P expression in mice.Journal of veterinary science · 2021Article
- Platelet-rich plasma improves chronic inflammatory pain by inhibiting PKM2-mediated aerobic glycolysis in astrocytes.Annals of translational medicine · 2020Article
- Article
- Probucol is anti-hyperalgesic in a mouse peripheral nerve injury model of neuropathic pain.Neurobiology of pain (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The effect of the lipid-lowering agent probucol in inflammatory hyperalgesia and leukocyte recruitment was evaluated in a model of subacute inflammation by Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). As CFA induces long-lasting nociception characterized by peripheral and spinal cord inflammation, the anti-inflammatory activity of probucol was assessed at both foci. Probucol at 0.3-3 mg/kg was administrated per oral daily starting 24 h after CFA intraplantar injection. Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by CFA were determined using an electronic anesthesiometer and hot plate apparatus, respectively. Post-treatment with probucol at 3 mg/kg inhibited CFA-induced hyperalgesia over the course of 7 days as well as paw edema. Overt pain-like behaviors, which were determined by the number of flinches and time spent licking paw immediately following CFA injection, were also reduced by probucol at 3 mg/kg administered as a pre-treatment. To investigate the mechanisms underlying the analgesic effect of probucol, neutrophil recruitment to paw was assessed by myeloperoxidase activity, cytokine production, Cox-2 expression, and NF-κB activation in both paw and spinal cord by ELISA. Iba-1, GFAP, and substance P protein expression and nuclear localization of phosphorylated NF-κB were evaluated in the spinal cord by immunofluorescence. Probucol at 3 mg/kg attenuated neutrophil recruitment, cytokine levels, and NF-κB activation as well microglia and astrocyte activation, and substance P staining in the spinal cord. Taken together, the results suggest that probucol exerts its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in an experimental model of persistent inflammation by targeting the NF-κB pathway in peripheral and spinal cord foci.
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