ArticleHeliyon2019
A novel hepatitis B virus recombinant genotype D4/E identified in a South African population.
Article in Heliyon, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and C viral infections among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis, Western Region of Ghana.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Genetic Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus in Africa: A Review.Gastro hep advances · 2026Review
- Molecular diagnosis of viral hepatitis in the WHO African region: progress toward 2030 elimination goals.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Genotype E: The neglected genotype of hepatitis B virus.World journal of hepatology · 2021Review
- Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Genotype Mixtures, Viral Load, and Liver Damage in HBV Patients Co-infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Identification of hepatitis B virus genotype A/E recombinants in Ghana.Virus genes · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGenetic diversity is a characteristic trait of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and has been associated with different clinical outcomes. In South Africa, HBV infection is a major public health concern. Most HBV infections are caused by genotype A strains. However rare cases of infection with HBV genotype D have been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular characteristics of a rare HBV subgenotype D4 isolate.
methodsThe full-length genome of isolate ZADGM6964 was amplified in a one-step polymerase chain reaction. The amplified product was purified and cloned into a pGEM®-T Easy Vector System to investigate the genetic diversity of the viral quasi-populations. The primary isolate and clones were then directly sequenced and analysed using an array of bioinformatics software.
resultsPhylogenetic analysis showed that the primary isolate and cloned sequences formed a monophyletic cluster away from subgenotype D4 reference strains. Further recombination analysis revealed that isolate ZADGM6964 was in fact a D4/E recombinant strain with breakpoints identified within the X and overlapping pre-Core/Core open reading frames with a >70% bootstrap confidence level. The recombinant genotype D4/E was found to be unique from other D/E strains archived in the genetic database, GenBank.
conclusionThis study represents the first ever report on the isolation and molecular characterization of an HBV D4/E recombinant strain in South Africa. The findings provide evidence of further HBV genetic diversity in South Africa than has been previously reported.
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Registered trials
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