SynthesisIndian journal of ophthalmology2019
Prevalence of refractive errors, uncorrected refractive error, and presbyopia in adults in India: A systematic review.
Synthesis in Indian journal of ophthalmology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Barriers and Enablers to Seeking Eye Care Among the Adult Indian Population: A Systematic Review.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Pooled it
- Analysing myopia in Europe: A comprehensive meta-analysis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Pooled it
- Approaches for delivery of refractive and optical care services in community and primary care settings.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Estimating need and coverage for five priority assistive products: a systematic review of global population-based research.BMJ global health · 2022Pooled it
- Astigmatic vector outcomes after FS-LASIK versus SMILE for high myopic astigmatism: a single-center retrospective comparative cohort study without cyclotorsion compensation.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Effect of light barrier and type of refractive error on the performance of a portable wavefront aberrometer-based auto refractometer.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Dual sensory loss and cognitive performance among older adults in India.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Addressing presbyopia in rural central India: the Sadguru experience.Community eye health · 2026Article
- Measuring the prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors and refractive error coverage among the young working age population in Kasganj district, Uttar Pradesh, India, using rapid assessment of refractive error methodology.International health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Patient-Centered, Health-Related, and Economic Impact of Under-Corrected Refractive Error in Community-Based Older Singaporean Adults: A Population-Based Study.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Process optimization and extraction of alkaline protease from halotolerant Streptomyces sp. VITGS3 and its use as a contact lens cleaner.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2025Article
- Vision screening of school-aged children in Wuqia County: a cross-sectional study in western China.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Refractive Profile and Angle of Deviation in Patients with Congenital Esotropia and Congenital Exotropia.Journal of ophthalmic & vision research · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Refractive Errors Among School-Going Children in Urban Versus Rural Areas.Cureus · 2024Article
- Prevalence of visual impairment and estimation of refractive errors among school children in Kakamega, Kenya.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Assessing the reliability of tele-refraction for real time consultation with a remote optometrist.PloS one · 2024Article
- Factors influencing the need and willingness for presbyopic correction: a cross sectional study from south India.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Modulation of cortical activity by spherical blur and its correlation with retinal defocus.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Article
- Association of COVID-19 Infection With Wearing Glasses in a High-Prevalence Area in Denmark and Sweden.JAMA ophthalmology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this review is to estimate the prevalence of refractive errors, uncorrected refractive error (URE), and uncorrected presbyopia in adults aged ≥30 years in India. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. A detailed literature search was performed to include all studies published from India from the year 1990 using the Cochrane Library, Medline, and Embase. Refractive error was defined by >0.50 D ametropia. URE was defined by presenting visual acuity (PVA) worse than 6/18 improving with pinhole or spectacle correction, and uncorrected presbyopia by near vision <N8 improving with correction in the absence of distance URE. Results: Fifteen studies were included from South India, one each from Western and Central India, and one study covered 15 states across India. The prevalence of RE of at least 0.50 D of spherical equivalent ametropia was 53.1% [(95% confidence interval (CI): 37.2-68.5), of which myopia and hyperopia was 27.7% and 22.9%, respectively. The prevalence of URE was 10.2% (95% CI: 6.9-14.8), but heterogeneity in these estimates was very high. The prevalence of uncorrected presbyopia was 33% (95% CI: 19.1-51.0). Conclusion: This review highlights the magnitude of refractive errors among adults in India. More studies are needed using standard methods in regions where there is a lack of information on UREs. Programs delivering spectacles for adults in India will need to primarily focus on reading glasses to correct presbyopia along with spectacles for hyperopia and myopia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.