SynthesisJournal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry2019
A systematic review of the word sentence association paradigm (WSAP).
Synthesis in Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Randomized controlled trial of smartphone-based interpretation bias intervention for anxiety and depression.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology · 2026Trial
- Cognitive bias modification for perfectionism and intolerance of uncertainty: A randomized controlled trial.PsyCh journal · 2024Trial
- Development of a cognitive bias modification intervention for anxiety disorders in primary care.The British journal of clinical psychology · 2022Trial
- Evaluating the reliability of the Word-Sentence Association Paradigm (WSAP) as an interpretation bias assessment across ethnoracial groups.Cognitive therapy and research · 2025Article
- Acceptability and Engagement of a Smartphone-Delivered Interpretation Bias Intervention in a Sample of Black and Latinx Adults: Open Trial.JMIR mental health · 2024Article
- Autonomic reactivity during acute social stress: exploratory investigation of an interaction by threat interpretation bias and emotion regulation difficulties.Anxiety, stress, and coping · 2024Article
- Negative interpretation bias connects to real-world daily affect: A multistudy approach.Journal of experimental psychology. General · 2023Article
- A Pilot Feasibility Open Trial of an Interpretation Bias Intervention for Parents of Anxious Children.Cognitive and behavioral practice · 2022Article
- How Social Experiences Affect Interpretation Bias Among Individuals With Non-clinical Depression: The Role of Ostracism.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- HabitWorks: Development of a CBM-I Smartphone App to Augment and Extend Acute Treatment.Behavior therapy · 2021Article
- Interpretation biases and depressive symptoms among anxiety-disordered children: The role of individual differences in respiratory sinus arrhythmia.Developmental psychobiology · 2021Article
- Interpretation Bias in Breast Cancer Survivors Experiencing Fear of Cancer Recurrence.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- Interpretation Biases and Childhood Anxiety: The Moderating Role of Parasympathetic Nervous System Reactivity.Journal of abnormal child psychology · 2020Article
- Associations among interpretation bias, craving, and abstinence self-efficacy in adults with substance use disorders.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Article
- Effortful control, interpretation biases, and child anxiety symptom severity in a sample of children with anxiety disorders.Journal of anxiety disorders · 2019Article
- Effects of cognitive bias modification for interpretation on hostile interpretation bias and self-reported aggression in juvenile delinquents.International journal of clinical and health psychology : IJCHPArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesThe Word Sentence Association Paradigm (WSAP) was originally designed to assess and modify interpretive biases (IB) in socially anxious individuals. Researchers have since modified the WSAP for use across various populations. Despite its widespread use, no studies have systematically reviewed the WSAP to determine its validity and reliability.
methodsWe review variations to the WSAP, populations in which the WSAP has been used, reliability data, and effect sizes across 41 studies published between 2008 and March 2018.
resultsResults indicate that the WSAP has been utilized to target 18 disorders and symptoms in adults and children. Modifications include stimulus content, timing parameters, and presentation order of word and sentence pairs. Reported internal consistency and test-retest reliability suggest good to excellent reliability. Medium to large effect sizes were reported when comparing control samples to those with psychopathology and in pre-post comparisons of the modification version of the WSAP. LIMITATIONS: Studies varied regarding which indices of the WSAP were presented and specific task parameters used, making it challenging to compare effects.
conclusionsThe WSAP is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing and modifying interpretive biases with unique characteristics compared with other IB assessment and modification tasks.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.