ArticleLancet (London, England)2019
Effect of ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on invasive pneumococcal disease and nasopharyngeal carriage in Kenya: a longitudinal surveillance study.
Article in Lancet (London, England), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serotype distribution of invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal disease in children ≤5 years of age following the introduction of 10- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in infant national immunization programs: a systematic literature review.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Pneumococcal serotypes and their association with death risk in invasive pneumococcal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Serotype distribution of invasive pneumococcal disease from countries of the WHO Africa, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and Western Pacific regions: a systematic literature review from 2010 to 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Systematic review on the impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ten valent (PCV10) or thirteen valent (PCV13) on all-cause, radiologically confirmed and severe pneumonia hospitalisation rates and pneumonia mortality in children 0-9 years old.Journal of global health · 2023Pooled it
- Estimating the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on childhood pneumonia in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review.F1000Research · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
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- Trial
- Impact of CRM197-based conjugate vaccines, schedules, and regions on pneumococcal immunogenicity in young children: systematic review.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Temporal patterns and risk factors of diarrheal comorbidity among children aged < 5 years in rural western Kenya: Evidence from three consecutive enteric studies, 2008-2024.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Development and evaluation of a dual-target glycoconjugate againstFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Safety and immunogenicity of 13-Valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy infants in Shanghai during the COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Long-Term Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on the Burden of Pneumococcal Meningitis in Mozambique, 2013-2023.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era in Nigeria: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Advance Warning and Response Systems in Kenya: A Scoping Review.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Global impact of ten-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on invasive pneumococcal disease in all ages (the PSERENADE project): a global surveillance analysis.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Update on the evolving landscape of pneumococcal capsule types: new discoveries and way forward.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Investigating two decades ofMicrobial genomics · 2025Article
- Article
- Outbreak of Serotype 1 Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, Kibera Urban Informal Settlement, Nairobi, Kenya, 2023.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 8 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTen-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10), delivered at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age was introduced in Kenya in January, 2011, accompanied by a catch-up campaign in Kilifi County for children aged younger than 5 years. Coverage with at least two PCV10 doses in children aged 2-11 months was 80% in 2011 and 84% in 2016; coverage with at least one dose in children aged 12-59 months was 66% in 2011 and 87% in 2016. We aimed to assess PCV10 effect against nasopharyngeal carriage and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children and adults in Kilifi County.
methodsThis study was done at the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme among residents of the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System, a rural community on the Kenyan coast covering an area of 891 km
findingsSurveillance identified 667 cases of IPD in 3 211 403 person-years of observation. Yearly IPD incidence in children younger than 5 years reduced sharply in 2011 following vaccine introduction and remained low (PCV10-type IPD: 60·8 cases per 100 000 in the prevaccine era vs 3·2 per 100 000 in the postvaccine era [adjusted IRR 0·08, 95% CI 0·03-0·22]; IPD caused by any serotype: 81·6 per 100 000 vs 15·3 per 100 000 [0·32, 0·17-0·60]). PCV10-type IPD also declined in the post-vaccination era in unvaccinated age groups (<2 months [no cases in the postvaccine era], 5-14 years [adjusted IRR 0·26, 95% CI 0·11-0·59], and ≥15 years [0·19, 0·07-0·51]). Incidence of non-PCV10-type IPD did not differ between eras. In children younger than 5 years, PCV10-type carriage declined between eras (age-standardised adjusted prevalence ratio 0·26, 95% CI 0·19-0·35) and non-PCV10-type carriage increased (1·71, 1·47-1·99).
interpretationIntroduction of PCV10 in Kenya, accompanied by a catch-up campaign, resulted in a substantial reduction in PCV10-type IPD in children and adults without significant replacement disease. Although the catch-up campaign is likely to have brought forward the benefits by several years, the study suggests that routine infant PCV10 immunisation programmes will provide substantial direct and indirect protection in low-income settings in tropical Africa.
fundingGavi, The Vaccine Alliance and The Wellcome Trust of Great Britain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.