ArticleCornea2019
Expressible Meibomian Glands Have Occult Fixed Obstructions: Findings From Meibomian Gland Probing to Restore Intraductal Integrity.
Article in Cornea, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- A comprehensive analysis of dry eye disease clinical trials (2000-2024): research trends and gaps.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Meibomian Gland Probing Stimulates a Proliferative Epithelial Response Resulting in Duct Regeneration.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
- Isolation and Culture of Human Meibomian Gland Ductal Cells.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Review of Literature on Intraductal Meibomian Gland Probing with Insights from the Inventor and Developer: Fundamental Concepts and Misconceptions.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Review
- Successful reversal of neuropathic eye pain by treatment of occult ocular surface disease: Case series and implications.American journal of ophthalmology case reports · 2022Article
- Meibography guided intraductal meibomian gland probing using real-time infrared video feed.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2020Article
- Intraductal meibomian gland probing: background, patient selection, procedure, and perspectives.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo describe and quantify findings of intraductal obstruction during probing expressible and nonexpressible meibomian glands (MGs) in patients with obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction using a 1-mm intraductal MG probe.
methodsA retrospective study of probe findings from 108 consecutive patients. Nonparametric tests using SPSS software 25.0 to explore relationships between expressibility and probe findings.
resultsOf 11,776 probed glands of 404 lids, 84% showed mechanical resistance (MR) and 16% showed no resistance (NR). Fixed, firm, focal unyielding resistance (FFFUR) occurred in 79.5% of obstructed glands, and nonfixed, nonfocal easily yielding soft resistance (SFT) in 20.4%. FFFUR was characterized by an audible and tactile "firm pop" (FP) or "firm gritty" (FG) sensation. No significant difference in MR and FFFUR for lids between 0% and >90% gland expressibility was observed. FP correlated with increased expressibility (P = 0.011), lid tenderness (P = 0.045), and complete proximal obstruction (P = 0.037), whereas SFT correlated with reduced expressibility (P = 0.016). Upper lids showed greater incidence of MR (P < 0.001), FFFUR (P < 0.001), and FG (P < 0.001), whereas lower lids showed greater expressibility (P < 0.001) and NR (P < 0.001).
conclusionsFFFUR was the most common probe finding in a large series of consecutively probed MGs, with an incidence of 67% of glands and 80% of obstructed glands. FFFUR was independent of gland expressibility, demonstrating expressible glands harbor FFFUR deep to at least one acinus. FP was associated with expressible gland occult obstruction and lid tenderness. SFT correlated with reduced expressibility, perhaps related to altered duct/duct contents. Upper lids correlated with increased MR, FFFUR, and FG and lower lids with increased expressibility and NR, possibly reflecting contrasting anatomy and blink-related microtrauma.
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