ArticleMicrobiology insights2019
Pulmonary Versus Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Associated Factors: A Case-Case Study.
Article in Microbiology insights, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular epidemiology of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Jiangxi Province, China, 2022-2023.Global health & medicine · 2025Article
- Concurrent intracranial tuberculomas and spinal tuberculosis with multifocal abscesses: a rare case report.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Article
- Article
- Emergence ofFrontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Factors Associated With Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Southeastern Mexico: A Case-Control Study.Cureus · 2024Article
- A Method to Create Directed Acyclic Graphs from Cycles of Transmission of Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Infectious Agents.Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.) · 2023Review
- Factors associated with localization of tuberculosis disease among patients in a high burden country: A health facility-based comparative study in Ethiopia.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2021Article
- Factors associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis in comparison to pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with and without HIV in Bogotá, Colombia: an observational study.Therapeutic advances in infectious diseaseArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTuberculosis (TB) incidence remains low in health departments of Castellon and La Plana-Vila-real, but TB elimination is challenging. The objective of this study was to estimate associated factors of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) compared with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (ETB) and investigate epidemiological characteristics of these pathologies to orient control and prevention actions. MATERIALS AND
methodsA prospective case-case study was implemented by comparing PTB and ETB incidences during 2013-2016 from notification reports, epidemiological surveillance, and microbiological results of hospitals' laboratories Hospital General Castellon and La Plana-Vila-Real in the province of Castellon of Valencia region in Spain. In this design, cases were patients with PTB and controls were patients with ETB. Directed acyclic graph approach was used for selection of potential risk and confounding factors. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were estimated by logistic regression models.
resultsThe study included 136 patients with PTB and 57 patients with ETB, with microbiological confirmation of 93.4% and 52.6%, and the annual median of incidence rates were 7.5 and 3.1 per 100 000 inhabitants, respectively. In general, patients with PTB were younger with higher male proportion than patients with ETB. Risk factors of PTB were smoking tobacco (AOR = 3.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.66-9.56), social problems (social marginalization, homeless, residence in shelters for the poor, or stay in prison) (AOR = 3.39; 95% CI = 1.05-10.94), and contact with patients with TB (AOR = 2.51; 95% CI = 1.06-5.95). No-smoking tobacco and no-drug abuse interaction decrease PTB risk (AOR = 0.27; 95% CI = 0.12-0.64). From these results, specific measures of health promotion and prevention can be addressed.
conclusionsThe estimated associated factors of PTB may be prevented, and it was demonstrated that the case-case design is useful in the study of TB.
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