ReviewXenotransplantation2019
Justification of specific genetic modifications in pigs for clinical organ xenotransplantation.
Review in Xenotransplantation, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 170 citations in OpenAlex.
- The xenotransplantation hybrid hospital: structural, economic, and regulatory frameworks for zero-ischemia clinical translation.Clinical transplantation and research · 2026Review
- Cell and tissue xenotransplantation: clinical purpose determines translational strategy and therapeutic endpoints.Clinical transplantation and research · 2026Review
- Beyond immune rejection: integrative genetic engineering strategies for overcoming coagulopathy in xenotransplantation.Clinical transplantation and research · 2026Review
- The Asian perspective on xenotransplantation: bridging the organ gap through regional collaboration and tailored clinical protocols.Clinical transplantation and research · 2026Review
- Modern xenotransplantation: rewiring glycan-mediated immunogenicity via genome-glycome convergence.EBioMedicine · 2026Review
- Xeno kidney: revolutionizing kidney disease treatment.Frontiers in nephrology · 2026Review
- Porcine xenotransplantation in the clinical era: converging advances and unresolved barriers on the path to clinical translation - a narrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Evaluation of primate anti-pig xenoreactive immune responses using immortalized aortic endothelial cells from genetically modified pigs.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Xenotransplantation: lessons from history, genetic engineering, and early clinical experience-an interview with Dr. David K. C. Cooper.Frontiers in transplantation · 2026Article
- Recent progress in xenotransplantation and its application to pediatric kidney disease.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Review
- Revolutionizing medicine: Exploring the breakthroughs in liver xenotransplantation.Liver research (Beijing, China) · 2025Review
- Homozygous editing of multiple genes for accelerated generation of xenotransplantation pigs.Genome research · 2025Article
- Strategies of Bladder Reconstruction after Partial or Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer.Molecular biotechnology · 2025Review
- Is there a need for an alternative source of red blood cells for clinical transfusion and will gene-edited pigs fulfil that need?Vox sanguinis · 2025Article
- Immune Landscape in Kidney Transplantation.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- Epitope-level analysis of cross-reactive human HLA antibodies against genetically modified swine leukocyte antigens in xenotransplantation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Smart transplants: emerging role of nanotechnology and big data in kidney and islet transplantation, a frontier in precision medicine.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Pre-clinical xenotransplantation: physiology and pharmacy in human decedent and non-human primate models.Frontiers in transplantation · 2025Review
- Xenotransplantation Research -the Nonhuman Primate Model Is Preferable to the Human Decedent Model.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2025Review
- Extended survival of 9- and 10-gene-edited pig heart xenografts with ischemia minimization and CD154 costimulation blockade-based immunosuppression.The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation · 2024Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Xenotransplantation research has made considerable progress in recent years, largely through the increasing availability of pigs with multiple genetic modifications. We suggest that a pig with nine genetic modifications (ie, currently available) will provide organs (initially kidneys and hearts) that would function for a clinically valuable period of time, for example, >12 months, after transplantation into patients with end-stage organ failure. The national regulatory authorities, however, will likely require evidence, based on in vitro and/or in vivo experimental data, to justify the inclusion of each individual genetic modification in the pig. We provide data both from our own experience and that of others on the advantages of pigs in which (a) all three known carbohydrate xenoantigens have been deleted (triple-knockout pigs), (b) two human complement-regulatory proteins (CD46, CD55) and two human coagulation-regulatory proteins (thrombomodulin, endothelial cell protein C receptor) are expressed, (c) the anti-apoptotic and "anti-inflammatory" molecule, human hemeoxygenase-1 is expressed, and (d) human CD47 is expressed to suppress elements of the macrophage and T-cell responses. Although many alternative genetic modifications could be made to an organ-source pig, we suggest that the genetic manipulations we identify above will all contribute to the success of the initial clinical pig kidney or heart transplants, and that the beneficial contribution of each individual manipulation is supported by considerable experimental evidence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.