ArticleBMJ open2019
International normative data for paediatric foot posture assessment: a cross-sectional investigation.
Article in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Foot orthoses for treating paediatric flat feet.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Foot orthoses for treating paediatric flat feet.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Ankle muscle strength, joint hypermobility, and foot posture in children aged 5-10 years: A cross-sectional study.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Axonal-demyelinating differences in functional change in pediatric Charcot-Marie-Tooth and related neuropathies.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Physical Therapy Surveillance in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Quality Improvement Initiative.Pediatric reports · 2026Article
- Influence of childhood overweight and obesity on foot and lower limb pain in a population of primary school children.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the dynamics of the distance between the talus and lateral malleolus during the stance phase of gait.Journal of medical ultrasonics (2001) · 2026Article
- Development of the Medial Longitudinal Arch of the Foot in Czech Pre- and Primary School Children-A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Approach.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Chronic Implications of Bilateral Foot Pattern Variability in Schoolchildren.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A potential relationship between soccer shoes and pes cavus: a pilot study.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Risk Factors Involved in Postural Disorders in Children and Adolescents.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- [Relación entre el estado ponderal y la postura del pie en escolares españoles: estudio transversal].Revista espanola de salud publica · 2024Article
- An evaluation of subtalar titanium screw arthroereisis for the treatment of symptomatic paediatric flatfeet - early results.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2023Article
- The Impact of Podiatric Intervention on the Quality of Life and Pain in Children and Adolescents with Hypermobility.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Really Asymptomatic? Health-Related Quality of Life and Objective Clinical Foot Characteristics among 5-10-Year-Old Children with a Flexible FlatFoot.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- The Use of Visual Analysis for Gait and Foot Posture in Children with Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Effect of Spatiotemporal Parameters on the Gait of Children Aged from 6 to 12 Years in Podiatric Tests: A Cross Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Pediatric and Adolescent Flatfoot: A Questionnaire Based Middle East and North Africa Study.International journal of general medicine · 2023Article
- Traceable Features of Static Plantar Pressure Characteristics and Foot Postures in College Students with Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe foot posture index (FPI) is an observational tool designed to measure the position of the foot. The objective of this study was to establish international reference data for foot posture across childhood, and influence of body mass index (BMI) on paediatric foot posture.
designCross-sectional study. SETTING AND
participantsThe dataset comprised 3217 healthy children, aged from 3 to 15 years. Contributing data were acquired from Spain, UK and Australia.
interventionsFoot posture was described by means and z-score of the FPI and the height and weight of each subject was measured and the BMI was calculated.
resultsThe foot posture of 3217 children were reviewed. A pronated (FPI ≥+6) foot posture was found in 960 (29.8%) children, a normal (FPI 0 to +6) foot posture in 1776 (55.2%) and a highly pronated (FPI +10) foot posture was found in 127 children (3.9%) (range -4 to +12 FPI). Less than 11% were found to have a supinated foot type (n=354). Approximately 20% of children were overweight/obese, but correlation between BMI and FPI was weak and inverse (r=-0.066, p<0.01), refuting the relationship between increased body mass and flatfeet.
conclusionsThis study confirms that the 'flat' or pronated foot is the common foot posture of childhood, with FPI score of +4 (3) the average finding. Trend indicated a less flatfoot with age, although non-linear. A wide normal range of foot posture across childhood is confirmed.
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