ArticleThe Pediatric infectious disease journal2019
In Utero Efavirenz Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in HIV-exposed Uninfected Children in Botswana.
Article in The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04531618 (Randomized Controlled Trial), which is not on this map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) of Two Programs Supporting Early Infant Development Beginning in the Well Baby Nursery Through 4 Months of Age
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessing the combined impact of pesticide exposure and HIV/ART on child neurodevelopment in Eastern and Southern Africa: a systematic review.BMC pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Early neurodevelopment of HIV-exposed uninfected children in the era of antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Child & adolescent health · 2022Pooled it
- Brain Structure of South African Children Born to Mothers on Dolutegravir Versus Efavirenz-Based Antiretroviral Therapy.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2026Trial
- Placenta models for HIV-1-ART-nicotine comorbidity research: advances and remaining challenges.Cell death discovery · 2026Review
- Review
- Brain ultrasound radiomics identify textural differences in basal ganglia and white matter between full term newborns HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-unexposed in Botswana.Early human development · 2025Observational
- The effect of environment and in-utero HIV exposure on neurodevelopment in infants.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
- Antiretroviral-Induced Toxicity in Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Haematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- CEST MRI detects antiretroviral drug toxicities in the developing mouse brain.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Subcortical Brain Volumes and Neurocognitive Function in Children With Perinatal HIV Exposure: A Population-Based Cohort Study in South Africa.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Association of in utero HIV exposure with child brain structure and language development: a South African birth cohort study.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Antiretroviral Therapy in Pregnancy: A 2023 Review of the Literature.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2024Review
- Language outcomes of preschool children who are HIV-exposed uninfected: An analysis of a South African cohort.PloS one · 2024Article
- Lower academic performance among children with perinatal HIV exposure in Botswana.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Article
- Neurodevelopment among children exposed to HIV and uninfected in sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Article
- Neurodevelopment of children who are HIV-exposed and uninfected in Kenya.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Article
- Comparison of Efavirenz and Doravirine Developmental Toxicity in an Embryo Animal Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Antiretroviral Options and Treatment Decisions During Pregnancy.Paediatric drugs · 2023Review
- Antiretroviral Therapy and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in People Living with HIV.The New England journal of medicine · 2023Review
- Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases by HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors.Frontiers in toxicology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMinimal data exist related to neurodevelopment after in utero exposure to Efavirenz (EFV). We sought to compare neurodevelopmental outcomes in HIV-exposed/uninfected (HEU) children with in utero exposure to EFV-based triple antiretroviral treatment (ART) versus non-EFV-based ART, and to examine whether timing of initial EFV exposure is associated with neurodevelopment deficits.
methodsWomen living with HIV who had received EFV-based ART during pregnancy and whose HEU newborn participated in a prior study were reconsented for their HEU toddler to undergo neurodevelopmental testing at 24 months old. We administered the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III), Developmental Milestones Checklist (DMC) and Profile of Social Emotional Development (PSED). We compared outcomes to previously-collected data from a cohort of 24-month-old HEU children with in utero exposure to non-EFV-based ART. Adjusted general linear models were used to compare mean outcomes.
resultsOur analysis included 493 HEU children (126 EFV-exposed, 367 EFV-unexposed). Adjusted mean scores for the EFV-exposed group were worse than the EFV-unexposed group on BSID-III Receptive Language (adjusted means = 21.5 vs. 22.5, P = 0.05), DMC Locomotor (30.7 vs. 32.0, P < 0.01) and Fine Motor scales (17.8 vs. 19.2, P < 0.01); and PSED (11.7 vs. 9.9, P = 0.02); but better on the DMC Language scale (17.6 vs. 16.5, P = 0.01). Earlier (vs. later) EFV exposure was associated with worse scores on the BSID-III Receptive Language scale (20.7 vs. 22.2, P = 0.02).
conclusionsHEU children exposed in utero to EFV-based ART may be at higher risk for neurodevelopmental and social-emotional deficits than HEU children exposed to non-EFV-based ART.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.