ArticlePrenatal diagnosis2019
Fetal anogenital distance using ultrasound.
Article in Prenatal diagnosis, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Evaluating Male Fetal External Genital Morphology: A Systematic Review of Sonographic Techniques and Normative Values.Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine · 2026Pooled it
- The role of fetal heart rate in first trimester sonograms in prediction of fetal sex: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Pooled it
- The prenatal sex steroid theory of autism after 25 years.Nature human behaviour · 2026Review
- Mapping brain growth and sex differences across prenatal to postnatal development.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Prenatal visualization of the fetal uterus in routine 2D ultrasound examination.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- The Predictive Accuracy of Anogenital Distance and Genital Tubercle Angle for First-Trimester Fetal Sex Determination.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Is the association between mothers' autistic traits and childhood autistic traits moderated by maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index?Molecular autism · 2023Article
- Association between anogenital distance as a noninvasive index in the diagnosis and prognosis of reproductive disorder: A systematic review.International journal of reproductive biomedicine · 2023Review
- Mini-puberty testosterone and infant autistic traits.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Association of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with neonatal anogenital distance in a Chinese birth cohort.Reproductive health · 2022Article
- Predictive value and reference ranges of anogenital distance for determining fetal gender in the first trimester: A retrospective cohort study.Saudi medical journal · 2021Article
- Maternal steroid levels and the autistic traits of the mother and infant.Molecular autism · 2021Article
- Foetal Sonographic Anogenital Distance Is Longer in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mothers.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Article
- Androgens and the masculinization programming window: human-rodent differences.Biochemical Society transactions · 2020Review
- Fetal anogenital distance using ultrasound.Prenatal diagnosis · 2019Article
- Prenatal Phenotyping of Fetal Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Applying the Prader Scale to a Fetus.Journal of medical ultrasoundArticle
- Association between Late Manifestations of Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome and Anogenital Distance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of human reproductive sciencesArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study measured anogenital distance (AGD) during late second/early third trimester of pregnancy to confirm previous findings that AGD can be measured noninvasively in the fetus using ultrasound and further showed differences in reference ranges between populations.
methodTwo hundred ten singleton pregnancies were recruited at the Rosie Hospital, Cambridge, UK. A 2D ultrasound was performed between 26 and 30 weeks of pregnancy. AGD was measured from the centre of the anus to the base of the scrotum in males and to the posterior convergence of the fourchette in females.
resultsA significant difference in AGD between males and females (P < .0001) was found, replicating previous results with a significant correlation between estimated fetal weight (EFW) and AGD in males only (P = .006). A comparison of AGD using reference data from an Israeli sample (n = 118) and our UK sample (n = 208) showed a significant difference (P < .0001) in both males and females, after controlling for gestational age (GA).
conclusionOur results confirm that AGD measurement in utero using ultrasound is feasible. In addition, there are strong sex differences, consistent with previous suggestions that AGD is influenced by prenatal androgen exposure. AGD lengths differ between the UK and Israel; therefore, population-specific normative values may be required for accurate clinical assessments.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.