ReviewJournal of orthopaedics and traumatology : official journal of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology2019
The 'diamond concept' for long bone non-union management.
Review in Journal of orthopaedics and traumatology : official journal of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 141 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
141 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Diabetes and the risk of delayed union or non-union of fractures: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Pooled it
- Delayed Tibial Shaft Fracture Healing Associated with Smoking: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies Conducted Worldwide.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Percutaneous administration of allogeneic bone-forming cells for the treatment of delayed unions of fractures: a pilot study.Stem cell research & therapy · 2021Trial
- Identification of biomechanical alterations associated with nonunion after tibial shaft fractures using musculoskeletal simulation based on motion capture and instrumented insole data.Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery · 2026Article
- Angiogenic and Osteogenic Strategies for Skeletal Regeneration in Aging.Current osteoporosis reports · 2026Review
- Maladaptive immune-fibrotic axis drives impaired long bone regeneration under mechanical instability.Science advances · 2026Article
- Bioadhesive-Integrated 3D-Printed Multilayer Scaffolds Secure a Mechanically-Stable Osteoimmune Niche for Enhanced Bone Augmentation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Long-Bone Fracture Nonunion and Delayed Union and Factors Associated with Infection: A Retrospective Single-Center Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Stem Cell Therapy: Past, Present, and Future Aspects.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Article
- Animal models for critical-sized long-bone defects and long-bone non-union: a scoping review.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Article
- Article
- Clinical efficacy of Masquelet technique in the treatment of tibial and fibular bone defects caused by severe gunshot wounds.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Ferroptosis in compromised bone healing after trauma: from the iron/ROS microenvironment to non-union and bone defect reconstruction.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Effect of Osteoperiosteal Decortication With Bone Grafting on Healing of Femoral Fracture Nonunion.Case reports in orthopedics · 2026Article
- Technical considerations and early results of magnetic compressive intramedullary nailing for tibial and femoral shaft non-unions: a case series.Annals of joint · 2026Article
- Masquelet technique combined with Ilizarov external fixation for the management of large femoral defects: A neglected technique.Trauma case reports · 2025Article
- Outcomes of Masquelet technique combined with gentamicin-cement-coated rigid nails in the treatment of infected bone defects: A retrospective review.Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma · 2025Article
- [Biphasic plate-Controlled instability in fracture healing].Unfallchirurgie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Bioaugmented osteosynthesis: precise monitoring and intervention of the bone healing microenvironment.Bone research · 2025Article
81 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Long bone non-union continues to be a significant worldwide problem. Since its inception over a decade ago, the 'diamond concept', a conceptual framework of what is essential for a successful bone healing response, has gained great acceptance for assessing and planning the management of fracture non-unions. Herein, we discuss the epidemiology of non-unions, the basic science of bone healing in the context of the diamond concept, the currently available results and areas for future research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.