ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2019
The NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight.
Registry-linked trialAbstract readTwin Study
In one paragraph
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04856410 (Temporal Nature of Cognitive and Visuospatial Brain Domain Changes During Long-Duration Low-Earth Orbit Missions), which is not on this map. Cited by 550 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
550citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
NCT04856410 naenrolling by invitationnot on this mapstarted 2021, after this paper: background citation
Temporal Nature of Cognitive and Visuospatial Brain Domain Changes During Long-Duration Low-Earth Orbit Missions (Spatial Cognition)
Who cites it
550 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Spaceflight-guided pharmacogenomics: a foundational analysis of pharmaceuticals and their responsive gene targets in the space environment.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Pooled it
- Combined Radiations: Biological Effects of Mixed Exposures Across the Radiation Spectrum.Biomolecules · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of isolated, confined and extreme environments on parameters of the immune system - a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- The role of gut microbiome in aging-associated diseases: where do we stand now and how technology will transform the future.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Article
- The effect of microgravity and flows on the organization and dynamics of the human genome.Science advances · 2026Article
- Balance Between Order and Disorder: Quantum-Epigenetic Pathways for the Emergence and Continuous Evolution of Life.Acta biotheoretica · 2026Review
- The physiology of survival: Space.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Space biology as a catalyst for the next biotech and longevity revolution.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Microgravity-induced changes in skeletal muscle and possible countermeasures: What we can learn from bed rest and human space studies.Experimental physiology · 2026Review
- Spaceborne and spaceborn: Physiological aspects of pregnancy and birth during interplanetary flight.Experimental physiology · 2026Review
- Aging in Spaceflight, Oxidative Stress, and Microbiome Dysbiosis: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The transgenerational toll of maternal spaceflight.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Beyond Earth: Recent Advancements in Microgravity Biomedical and Genetic Research in Saudi Arabia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Space radiation promotes clonal hematopoiesis and hematologic disease upon aging in a driver gene and sex-specific manner.iScience · 2026Article
- Schizophrenia Spectrum Biomarkers Consortium: Establishment of a Biorepository for the Discovery of Quantitative Fluid Biomarkers.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- ibSLS as a biobank for democratizing access to multi-omics data and biospecimens from spaceflight research.Nature communications · 2026Article
- From Collapse to Active Self-Repair: Integrative Multi-Omics and Machine Learning Analysis Map the Hepatic Metabolic Adaption in Response to Simulated Spaceflight Stress.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Suborbital spaceflight reveals rapid changes in gene expression accompanying the transition to and from space.NPJ microgravity · 2026Article
- The ageing holobiont: crosstalk between telomere dynamics, oxidative stress and the gut microbiome.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
490 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
82 authors.
Francine E Garrett-Bakelman *Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Manjula Darshi *Center for Renal Precision Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1373-7488
Stefan J Green *University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2781-359X
Ruben C Gur *University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Ling Lin *Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3146-8648
Brandon R Macias *KBRwyle, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2527-5089
Miles J McKenna *Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6469-4353
Cem Meydan *Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0663-6216
Tejaswini Mishra *Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9931-1260
Jad Nasrini *University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3769-1186
Brian D Piening *Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2683-8157
Lindsay F Rizzardi *Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2866-9625
Kumar Sharma *Center for Renal Precision Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7550-8525
Jamila H Siamwala *University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9482-9183
Lynn Taylor *Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2074-7262
Martha Hotz Vitaterna *Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6243-2093
Maryam AfkarianUniversity of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8428-8264
Ebrahim AfshinnekooWeill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2206-1205
Sara AhadiStanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7849-2135
Aditya AmbatiStanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8462-3552
Maneesh AryaKBRwyle, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2445-7975
Daniela BezdanWeill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1203-8239
Colin M CallahanJohns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0385-1121
Songjie ChenStanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9568-5705
Augustine M K ChoiWeill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
George E ChlipalaUniversity of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0203-3191
Kévin ContrepoisStanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9678-5161
Marisa CovingtonNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4587-1008
Brian E CrucianNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, TX, USA.
Immaculata De VivoHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7185-7402
David F DingesUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2151-4492
Douglas J EbertKBRwyle, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9489-9229
Jason I FeinbergJohns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Jorge A GandaraWeill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7720-9676
Kerry A GeorgeKBRwyle, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9318-9839
John GoutsiasJohns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0192-3857
George S GrillsWeill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1037-8616
Alan R HargensUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4722-1375
Martina HeerUniversity of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-5534-911X
Ryan P HillaryStanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7284-4040
Andrew N HoofnagleUniversity of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6449-0243
Vivian Y H HookUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Garrett JenkinsonJohns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2548-098X
Peng JiangNorthwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3647-8500
Ali KeshavarzianRush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7969-3369
Steven S LaurieKBRwyle, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8794-3583
Brittany Lee-McMullenStanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8905-6021
Sarah B LumpkinsMEI Technologies, Houston, TX, USA.
Matthew MacKayWeill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Mark G Maienschein-ClineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6619-6788
Ari M MelnickWeill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8074-2287
Tyler M MooreUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1384-0151
Kiichi NakahiraWeill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Hemal H PatelUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6722-9625
Robert PietrzykKBRwyle, Houston, TX, USA.
Varsha RaoStanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7348-526X
Rintaro SaitoUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Denis N SalinsStanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3416-3487
Jan M SchillingUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8038-7473
Dorothy D SearsUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9260-3540
Caroline K SheridanWeill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4621-7507
Michael B StengerNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, TX, USA.
Rakel TryggvadottirJohns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0225-9086
Alexander E UrbanStanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9772-933X
Tomas VaisarUniversity of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7406-6606
Benjamin Van EspenUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1587-4942
Jing ZhangStanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Michael G ZieglerUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Sara R ZwartUniversity of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
John B CharlesNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, TX, USA. jbcharle@gmail.com craig.e.kundrot@nasa.gov graham_b_scott@yahoo.com susan.bailey@colostate.edu basner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu afeinberg@jhu.edu stuart.lee-1@nasa.gov chm2042@med.cornell.edu mignot@stanford.edu bkrana@ucsd.edu scott.m.smith@nasa.gov mpsnyder@stanford.edu fturek@northwestern.edu.
Craig E KundrotSpace Life and Physical Sciences Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA. jbcharle@gmail.com craig.e.kundrot@nasa.gov graham_b_scott@yahoo.com susan.bailey@colostate.edu basner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu afeinberg@jhu.edu stuart.lee-1@nasa.gov chm2042@med.cornell.edu mignot@stanford.edu bkrana@ucsd.edu scott.m.smith@nasa.gov mpsnyder@stanford.edu fturek@northwestern.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-5445-3844
Graham B I ScottNational Space Biomedical Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. jbcharle@gmail.com craig.e.kundrot@nasa.gov graham_b_scott@yahoo.com susan.bailey@colostate.edu basner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu afeinberg@jhu.edu stuart.lee-1@nasa.gov chm2042@med.cornell.edu mignot@stanford.edu bkrana@ucsd.edu scott.m.smith@nasa.gov mpsnyder@stanford.edu fturek@northwestern.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-3467-5957
Susan M BaileyColorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. jbcharle@gmail.com craig.e.kundrot@nasa.gov graham_b_scott@yahoo.com susan.bailey@colostate.edu basner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu afeinberg@jhu.edu stuart.lee-1@nasa.gov chm2042@med.cornell.edu mignot@stanford.edu bkrana@ucsd.edu scott.m.smith@nasa.gov mpsnyder@stanford.edu fturek@northwestern.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-5595-9364
Mathias BasnerUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. jbcharle@gmail.com craig.e.kundrot@nasa.gov graham_b_scott@yahoo.com susan.bailey@colostate.edu basner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu afeinberg@jhu.edu stuart.lee-1@nasa.gov chm2042@med.cornell.edu mignot@stanford.edu bkrana@ucsd.edu scott.m.smith@nasa.gov mpsnyder@stanford.edu fturek@northwestern.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-8453-0812
Andrew P FeinbergJohns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. jbcharle@gmail.com craig.e.kundrot@nasa.gov graham_b_scott@yahoo.com susan.bailey@colostate.edu basner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu afeinberg@jhu.edu stuart.lee-1@nasa.gov chm2042@med.cornell.edu mignot@stanford.edu bkrana@ucsd.edu scott.m.smith@nasa.gov mpsnyder@stanford.edu fturek@northwestern.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-8364-1991
Stuart M C LeeKBRwyle, Houston, TX, USA. jbcharle@gmail.com craig.e.kundrot@nasa.gov graham_b_scott@yahoo.com susan.bailey@colostate.edu basner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu afeinberg@jhu.edu stuart.lee-1@nasa.gov chm2042@med.cornell.edu mignot@stanford.edu bkrana@ucsd.edu scott.m.smith@nasa.gov mpsnyder@stanford.edu fturek@northwestern.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-7065-5182
Christopher E MasonWeill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. jbcharle@gmail.com craig.e.kundrot@nasa.gov graham_b_scott@yahoo.com susan.bailey@colostate.edu basner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu afeinberg@jhu.edu stuart.lee-1@nasa.gov chm2042@med.cornell.edu mignot@stanford.edu bkrana@ucsd.edu scott.m.smith@nasa.gov mpsnyder@stanford.edu fturek@northwestern.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-1850-1642
Emmanuel MignotStanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA. jbcharle@gmail.com craig.e.kundrot@nasa.gov graham_b_scott@yahoo.com susan.bailey@colostate.edu basner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu afeinberg@jhu.edu stuart.lee-1@nasa.gov chm2042@med.cornell.edu mignot@stanford.edu bkrana@ucsd.edu scott.m.smith@nasa.gov mpsnyder@stanford.edu fturek@northwestern.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-6928-5310
Brinda K RanaUniversity of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. jbcharle@gmail.com craig.e.kundrot@nasa.gov graham_b_scott@yahoo.com susan.bailey@colostate.edu basner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu afeinberg@jhu.edu stuart.lee-1@nasa.gov chm2042@med.cornell.edu mignot@stanford.edu bkrana@ucsd.edu scott.m.smith@nasa.gov mpsnyder@stanford.edu fturek@northwestern.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-9856-6728
Scott M SmithNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Houston, TX, USA. jbcharle@gmail.com craig.e.kundrot@nasa.gov graham_b_scott@yahoo.com susan.bailey@colostate.edu basner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu afeinberg@jhu.edu stuart.lee-1@nasa.gov chm2042@med.cornell.edu mignot@stanford.edu bkrana@ucsd.edu scott.m.smith@nasa.gov mpsnyder@stanford.edu fturek@northwestern.edu.
Michael P SnyderStanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA. jbcharle@gmail.com craig.e.kundrot@nasa.gov graham_b_scott@yahoo.com susan.bailey@colostate.edu basner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu afeinberg@jhu.edu stuart.lee-1@nasa.gov chm2042@med.cornell.edu mignot@stanford.edu bkrana@ucsd.edu scott.m.smith@nasa.gov mpsnyder@stanford.edu fturek@northwestern.edu.
Fred W TurekNorthwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. jbcharle@gmail.com craig.e.kundrot@nasa.gov graham_b_scott@yahoo.com susan.bailey@colostate.edu basner@pennmedicine.upenn.edu afeinberg@jhu.edu stuart.lee-1@nasa.gov chm2042@med.cornell.edu mignot@stanford.edu bkrana@ucsd.edu scott.m.smith@nasa.gov mpsnyder@stanford.edu fturek@northwestern.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-4031-4229
Funding
Vector and Transgenic Mouse CoreP30DK017047 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Sakeneh Zraika · 1986 to 2026
$41.4MPILOT STUDY--CLINICAL NUTRITION RESEARCHP30DK035816 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Ellen A Schur · 1986 to 2026
$30.4MT32 Training Program in Mechanisms and Innovation in Vascular DiseaseT32HL098049 · NHLBI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Nicholas James Leeper, Philip S Tsao · 2010 to 2026
$6.3MStanford Career Development Program in Omics of Lung DiseasesK12HL120001 · NHLBI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI NICOLLS, MARK ROBERT, RABINOVITCH, MARLENE · 2013 to 2017
$1.3MGenetic and Epigenetic Factors of Age-Related Cognitive Decline - A Twin StudyK01AG035031 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI RANA, BRINDA K · 2010 to 2014
$614kNHLBI NIH HHS K12 HL120001NIA NIH HHS K01 AG035031NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK017047NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK035816
Abstract
To understand the health impact of long-duration spaceflight, one identical twin astronaut was monitored before, during, and after a 1-year mission onboard the International Space Station; his twin served as a genetically matched ground control. Longitudinal assessments identified spaceflight-specific changes, including decreased body mass, telomere elongation, genome instability, carotid artery distension and increased intima-media thickness, altered ocular structure, transcriptional and metabolic changes, DNA methylation changes in immune and oxidative stress-related pathways, gastrointestinal microbiota alterations, and some cognitive decline postflight. Although average telomere length, global gene expression, and microbiome changes returned to near preflight levels within 6 months after return to Earth, increased numbers of short telomeres were observed and expression of some genes was still disrupted. These multiomic, molecular, physiological, and behavioral datasets provide a valuable roadmap of the putative health risks for future human spaceflight.
Indexed as
Adaptation, PhysiologicalAstronautsSpace FlightAdaptive ImmunityBody WeightCarotid ArteriesCarotid Intima-Media ThicknessDNA DamageDNA MethylationGastrointestinal MicrobiomeGenomic InstabilityHumansMaleTelomere HomeostasisTime FactorsUnited States
Identifiers
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Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
NCT04856410ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.