ArticleNature communications2019
Age-specific differences in the dynamics of protective immunity to influenza.
Article in Nature communications, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 179 citations in OpenAlex.
- Monitoring School Absenteeism for Influenza-Like Illness Surveillance: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Pooled it
- Enhanced Influenza Vaccines Extend A(H3N2) Antibody Reactivity in Older Adults but Prior Vaccination Effects Persist.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Trial
- Influenza A(H3N2) Antibody Responses to Standard-Dose Versus Enhanced Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity in Older Adults and Prior Season's Vaccine Status.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Birth Cohort Effects in Adults Associated With Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Vaccine Effectiveness.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Effects of Age and Birth Cohort on Influenza A Virus Subtype-Specific Hospitalization Rates, United States, 2010-2025.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Measuring population immunity against influenza using individual antibody titres: a multicountry, retrospective observational study.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Defining the molecular interaction between influenza hemagglutinin and MHC-II.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Persistence of memory: lifespan dynamics of the human antiviral antibody reactome.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Repeat Influenza Vaccination Effects in 2021/22 and 2022/23 in a Community-Based Cohort in Hong Kong.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Kinetics of antibodies and risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection: a longitudinal cohort in Taizhou City, eastern China.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Pleiotropic mutational effects on function and stability constrain the antigenic evolution of influenza haemagglutinin.Nature ecology & evolution · 2026Article
- Article
- Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus as of early 2026 to inform vaccine-strain selection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The Decline in Influenza Antibody Titers and Modifiers of Vaccine Immunity from over Ten Years of Serological Data.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Near real-time data on the human neutralizing antibody landscape to influenza virus as of early 2026 to inform vaccine-strain selection.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- Suppression and resurgence: the evolving epidemiology of seasonal influenza from 2015 to 2024 in a core urban district of Beijing, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Low effectiveness of influenza vaccines vis-à-vis mechanism of protection by vaccines - potential causes and recommendations to improve control of influenza.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Multiplex serology reveals age-specific immunodynamics of respiratory pathogens in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.Nature communications · 2025Article
- High-throughput neutralization measurements correlate strongly with evolutionary success of human influenza strains.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- A 14-year influenza reinfection surveillance in Chongqing, China: A retrospective analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Influenza A viruses evolve rapidly to escape host immunity, causing reinfection. The form and duration of protection after each influenza virus infection are poorly understood. We quantify the dynamics of protective immunity by fitting individual-level mechanistic models to longitudinal serology from children and adults. We find that most protection in children but not adults correlates with antibody titers to the hemagglutinin surface protein. Protection against circulating strains wanes to half of peak levels 3.5-7 years after infection in both age groups, and wanes faster against influenza A(H3N2) than A(H1N1)pdm09. Protection against H3N2 lasts longer in adults than in children. Our results suggest that influenza antibody responses shift focus with age from the mutable hemagglutinin head to other epitopes, consistent with the theory of original antigenic sin, and might affect protection. Imprinting, or primary infection with a subtype, has modest to no effect on the risk of non-medically attended infections in adults.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.