ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2019
Geographic Inequalities in Accessing Improved Water and Sanitation Facilities in Nepal.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mapping inequities in safe water access: a spatial and geographically weighted regression analysis of unimproved water source use in sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2026Article
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- Effect of hand hygiene program among school children in Bangladesh.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Determinants of Insecticide-Treated Net Utilization for Malaria Prevention Among Under-Five Children in The Gambia: Evidence From National Survey.Journal of tropical medicine · 2025Article
- Socio-economic disparities in the utilization of improved sanitation facilities among Indian households.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Financial inclusion and improved water usage among households in Ghana.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Women, water and access: inscribing gender power in and through a place.Journal of water and health · 2024Article
- A multilevel analysis of improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities in Ethiopia: Using 2019 Ethiopia mini demographic and health survey.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Demographic disparities in unimproved drinking water and sanitation in Ghana: a nationally representative cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Prevalence and Correlates of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) and Spatial Distribution of Unimproved WASH in Nepal.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Trends of and factors associated with access to residential toilets among the middle-aged and elderly in rural China from 2011 to 2018.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Understanding COVID-19 Situation in Nepal and Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Management.Environmental health insights · 2022Article
- Inequalities in access to safe drinking water in Peruvian households according to city size: an analysis from 2008 to 2018.International journal for equity in health · 2021Article
- Article
- Impact of hand hygiene intervention on hand washing ability of school-aged children.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2021Article
- Assessing the Impacts of Relative Wealth and Geospatial Factors on Water Access in Rural Nepal: A Community Case Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to assess the geographic inequalities in access to improved water and sanitation facilities among Nepalese households. We conducted this study based on cross-sectional data obtained from Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys. The quality of water sources and sanitation were defined by World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The geographic categories used in the analyses included developmental region, ecological zone, and urbanicity. Percentages of households having access to improved toilet (5.6% in 1996 vs. 40.5% in 2016) and water (19.3% in 1996 vs. 27% in 2016) facilities has been increasing steadily since 1996 with a great proportion of the households still lacking access to these services. The number of households sharing the same toilet and traveling time to reach water sources have also decreased at the same time. Households in Far Western and Mountains had the lowest odds of having access to improved toilet and water facilities. Noticeable progress has been achieved in improving WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) coverage at national level, however, it is uneven across developmental and ecological zones. Households in the Far Western and Mountain regions appeared to be the most geographically disadvantaged in terms of having access to improved water and sanitation facilities.
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