ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2019
Resistance Toward Chlorhexidine in Oral Bacteria - Is There Cause for Concern?
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 208 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
208 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 401 citations in OpenAlex.
- Natural Agents for the Improvement of Gingival Health: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of pomegranate extract on preventing dental caries: a systematic review.Frontiers in oral health · 2025Pooled it
- Bacterial sensitivity to chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine antiseptics over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human-derived data.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Electrolyzed saline as an alternative to chlorhexidine: Antimicrobial and biofilm volume outcomes in a 4-day non-brushing randomized controlled clinical trial.Journal of periodontology · 2026Trial
- Assessment of the effect of photodynamic therapy on the reduction of bacteria in deep dental caries lesions of primary teeth.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Trial
- Comparison of Blue®m and chlorhexidine mouthwash on oral health of intubated patients in intensive care unit.Brazilian dental journal · 2025Trial
- Randomized controlled clinical trial on the efficacy of a novel antimicrobial chewing gum in reducing plaque and gingivitis in adolescent orthodontic patients.Clinical oral investigations · 2024Trial
- Clinical Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gargle Combined with Recombinant Bovine Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Gel in the Treatment of Recurrent Oral Ulcers and Its Effects on Inflammatory Factors, Immune Function, and Recurrence Rate.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2024Trial
- Effect of clove mouthwash on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care unit patients: a comparative randomized triple-blind clinical trial.Clinical oral investigations · 2023Trial
- Substantivity of mouth-rinse formulations containing cetylpyridinium chloride and O-cymen-5-ol: a randomized-crossover trial.BMC oral health · 2022Trial
- Mouthrinses against SARS-CoV-2 - High antiviral effectivity by membrane disruption in vitro translates to mild effects in a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.Virus research · 2022Trial
- Biofilm formation following chitosan-based varnish or chlorhexidine-fluoride varnish application in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment: a double blinded randomised controlled trial.BMC oral health · 2021Trial
- Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm-Forming Capacity of Oral Biofilm Bacteria in Patients With Periodontitis and Healthy Individuals.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Research Trends in Antimicrobial Oral Hygiene Products, the Oral Microbiome, and Dental Biofilm: A Bibliometric Analysis (2006-2025).Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Biomimetic and Locally Active Drug Delivery Systems for the Oral Biofilm and Periodontal Pocket: Formulation Strategies, Mechanisms and Translational Perspectives.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Beyond the Lungs: ICU Oral Care and Gut Resilience-A Hypothesis-Generating Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Comparative Analysis of Chlorhexidine Derivatives and Alternative Agents on Streptococcus mutans Viability, Biofilm Formation, and Gene Expression.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Protein Expression Profiles of Antiseptic-AdaptedMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Electroporation of pLI50 harboring qacA or qacB increases chlorhexidine minimal inhibitory concentrations in transformed Staphylococcus aureus strain RN4220.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Sustained chlorhexidine susceptibility in clinical MRSA isolates despite recent exposure.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Article
148 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The threat of antibiotic resistance has attracted strong interest during the last two decades, thus stimulating stewardship programs and research on alternative antimicrobial therapies. Conversely, much less attention has been given to the directly related problem of resistance toward antiseptics and biocides. While bacterial resistances toward triclosan or quaternary ammonium compounds have been considered in this context, the bis-biguanide chlorhexidine (CHX) has been put into focus only very recently when its use was associated with emergence of stable resistance to the last-resort antibiotic colistin. The antimicrobial effect of CHX is based on damaging the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and subsequent leakage of cytoplasmic material. Consequently, mechanisms conferring resistance toward CHX include multidrug efflux pumps and cell membrane changes. For instance, in staphylococci it has been shown that plasmid-borne
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.