ReviewNature reviews. Drug discovery2019
Therapeutic targeting of trained immunity.
Review in Nature reviews. Drug discovery, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 251 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
251 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Preclinical Evaluation of Bacterial Lysates in Murine Disease Models: A Systematic Review.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Pooled it
- Effective xanthine oxidase inhibitor urate lowering therapy in gout is linked to an emergent serum protein interactome of complement and inflammation modulators.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Oral administration of ultrafine-grained Astragalus membranaceus enhances peripheral immunity in weaned black Xiangdong goats by upregulating the complement regulator C4bp and immunoglobulin responses.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Convergent evolution of immune evasion in ESKAPE pathogens: A cross-pathogen architecture of conserved host-defense checkpoints.European journal of microbiology & immunology · 2026Review
- Drugging trained immunity: immunometabolic and epigenetic control of maladaptive inflammatory memory in chronic inflammatory diseases.Immunologic research · 2026Review
- Heart failure may promote breast cancer progression through a Col10a1-associated Tgf-β/Smad-EMT pathway.Biology direct · 2026Article
- Macrophage trained immunity requires a mitochondrial glutamine-restriction checkpoint for antitumor protection in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Trained Immunity in Host Defense: Mechanisms, Pathogen Interactions, and Therapeutic Potential.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Reprogramming macrophage metabolism for cardiovascular therapy: From molecular pathways to precision nanomedicine.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Epithelial-Dermal Immune Memory: TrackingInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Ocular IL-1α/IFN-γ Delay the Corneal Wound Healing in Rheumatoid Arthritis Through Mitochondrial Dysfunction and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Nanoadjuvant-integrated organic biomaterials for immune engineering: Mechanisms, design strategies, and translational applications.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- The type-I interferon priming signal balances antibacterial and antitumor trained immunity in alveolar macrophages.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Article
- Trained Immunity in Neutrophils and Mononuclear Phagocytes: Mechanisms and Pathophysiological Functions.Cells · 2026Review
- Engineered BCG selectively triggers trained immunity in tumor-associated macrophages and sensitizes glioblastoma to radiotherapy in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Gut commensal Lactobacillus strain induces a balanced trained immunity phenotype to enhance vaccine efficacy through JAK-STAT-SOCS pathway.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- IFN-γ-induced trained immunity enhances killing of priority pathogens in healthy and genetically vulnerable individuals.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Trained Immunity in Autoimmunity: Friend, Foe, or Therapeutic Target?Biomedicines · 2026Article
191 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immunotherapy is revolutionizing the treatment of diseases in which dysregulated immune responses have an important role. However, most of the immunotherapy strategies currently being developed engage the adaptive immune system. In the past decade, both myeloid (monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells) and lymphoid (natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells) cell populations of the innate immune system have been shown to display long-term changes in their functional programme through metabolic and epigenetic programming. Such reprogramming causes these cells to be either hyperresponsive or hyporesponsive, resulting in a changed immune response to secondary stimuli. This de facto innate immune memory, which has been termed 'trained immunity', provides a powerful 'targeting framework' to regulate the delicate balance of immune homeostasis, priming, training and tolerance. In this Opinion article, we set out our vision of how to target innate immune cells and regulate trained immunity to achieve long-term therapeutic benefits in a range of immune-related diseases. These include conditions characterized by excessive trained immunity, such as inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, allergies and cardiovascular disease and conditions driven by defective trained immunity, such as cancer and certain infections.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.