ArticlePLoS biology2019
Infection-generated electric field in gut epithelium drives bidirectional migration of macrophages.
Article in PLoS biology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Host-microbiota-pathogen interactions drive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathogenesis.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- SCHEPHERD: A modular, programmable, direct current platform to control cell behavior.Science advances · 2026Article
- Piezo1 mediates electrotaxis of alveolar epithelial cells via calcium-dependent PI3K/Akt signaling.Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi · 2026Article
- The electrical tumor microenvironment: abnormalities and opportunities.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- SCHEPHERD: A universal platform for high-throughput, high-resolution, and programmable control of cell behavior through bioelectric stimulation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Bacterial galvanotaxis: a neglected biological process.Trends in microbiology · 2025Article
- Controlling Cell Migratory Patterns Under an Electric Field Regulated by a Neural Network-Based Feedback Controller.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Galvanotactic directionality of cell groups depends on group size.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Stretch-induced endogenous electric fields drive directed collective cell migration in vivo.Nature materials · 2025Article
- Dysbiosis and extraintestinal cancers.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Review
- Gut epithelial electrical cues drive differential localization of enterobacteria.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- A bioelectronic device for electric field treatment of wounds reduces inflammation in an in vivo mouse model.PloS one · 2024Article
- Reducing Sialylation Enhances Electrotaxis of Corneal Epithelial Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Impact of enteric bacterial infections at and beyond the epithelial barrier.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2023Review
- Bioelectronic microfluidic wound healing: a platform for investigating direct current stimulation of injured cell collectives.Lab on a chip · 2023Article
- Modulation of macrophages by biophysical cues in health and beyond.Discovery immunology · 2023Review
- Bioelectric Signaling: Role of Bioelectricity in Directional Cell Migration in Wound Healing.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology · 2022Review
- Mechanical Forces Govern Interactions of Host Cells with Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2022Review
- Article
- Stabilization but No Functional Influence of HIF-1α Expression in the Intestinal Epithelium during Salmonella Typhimurium Infection.Infection and immunity · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens hijack macrophages to egress from the port of entry to the lymphatic drainage and/or bloodstream, causing dissemination of life-threatening infections. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we report that Salmonella infection generates directional electric fields (EFs) in the follicle-associated epithelium of mouse cecum. In vitro application of an EF, mimicking the infection-generated electric field (IGEF), induces directional migration of primary mouse macrophages to the anode, which is reversed to the cathode upon Salmonella infection. This infection-dependent directional switch is independent of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) type III secretion system. The switch is accompanied by a reduction of sialic acids on glycosylated surface components during phagocytosis of bacteria, which is absent in macrophages challenged by microspheres. Moreover, enzymatic cleavage of terminally exposed sialic acids reduces macrophage surface negativity and severely impairs directional migration of macrophages in response to an EF. Based on these findings, we propose that macrophages are attracted to the site of infection by a combination of chemotaxis and galvanotaxis; after phagocytosis of bacteria, surface electrical properties of the macrophage change, and galvanotaxis directs the cells away from the site of infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.