ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2019
Functional crosstalk across IMD and Toll pathways: insight into the evolution of incomplete immune cascades.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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72 citing papers in PubMed, 132 citations in OpenAlex.
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- The Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Insect Stress Response, Immunity, and Climate Adaptation.Insects · 2025Review
- Functionality of highly diverged Imd like genes identified in stinkbugs and bedbugs.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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- Activation of the tick Toll pathway to control infection of Ixodes ricinus by the apicomplexan parasite Babesia microti.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Pathogen-specific social immunity is associated with erosion of individual immune function in an ant.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Comparative Transcriptomics RevealedPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In insects, antimicrobial humoral immunity is governed by two distinct gene cascades, IMD pathway mainly targeting Gram-negative bacteria and Toll pathway preferentially targeting Gram-positive bacteria, which are widely conserved among diverse metazoans. However, recent genomic studies uncovered that IMD pathway is exceptionally absent in some hemipteran lineages like aphids and assassin bugs. How the apparently incomplete immune pathways have evolved with functionality is of interest. Here we report the discovery that, in the hemipteran stinkbug Plautia stali, both IMD and Toll pathways are present but their functional differentiation is blurred. Injection of Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria upregulated effector genes of both pathways. Notably, RNAi experiments unveiled significant functional permeation and crosstalk between IMD and Toll pathways: RNAi of IMD pathway genes suppressed upregulation of effector molecules of both pathways, where the suppression was more remarkable for IMD effectors; and RNAi of Toll pathway genes reduced upregulation of effector molecules of both pathways, where the suppression was more conspicuous for Toll effectors. These results suggest the possibility that, in hemipterans and other arthropods, IMD and Toll pathways are intertwined to target wider and overlapping arrays of microbes, which might have predisposed and facilitated the evolution of incomplete immune pathways.
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