ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2019
The criminogenic and psychological effects of police stops on adolescent black and Latino boys.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed.
- Anticipatory Stress of Police Violence and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among US Black Adults: A Sex-stratified Analysis.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- The Timing of Police Encounters in Adolescence and Adult Cognitive Function: Heterogeneity by Race/Ethnicity.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- The explorer's edge: Racial-ethnic identity exploration confers early adolescents of color with protection against racial-ethnic discrimination in a co-sibling control study.Child development · 2026Article
- Getting at the Root: Structural Racism, Policing, and Youth Firearm Homicide.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Examining racial identity invalidation and well-being among Biracial adolescents using the identity capital model.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2025Article
- Advancing antiracist research: addressing health inequities among juvenile legal system-impacted youth using Public Health Critical Race Praxis.Health & justice · 2025Article
- Advancing health equity in wastewater-based epidemiology: A global critical review and conceptual framework.SSM - population health · 2025Review
- Seizing the moments and lessons learned from the global response to COVID-19 pandemic: Creating a platform to shape the scientific and public discourse of research on adolescence.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2025Article
- What's the harm? Examining police contact and amygdala reactivity among black adolescents.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2025Article
- Examining policing interventions to promote ethnoracial equity in police-community relations: a systematic review .Psychiatry, psychology, and law : an interdisciplinary journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law · 2025Article
- A dynamical systems analysis of criminal behavior using national longitudinal survey of youth data.PloS one · 2025Article
- "I am a Black man in Canada! I wish I could say differently!": exploring the impact of direct and indirect encounters with the police and welfare system on anxiety and depression among Black youth in Toronto, Canada.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Early adolescents' ethnic-racial discrimination and pubertal development: Parents' ethnic-racial identities promote adolescents' resilience.The American psychologist · 2024Article
- Community representation and policing: Effects on Black civilians.Criminology : an interdisciplinary journal · 2024Article
- Structural Determinants of Health and Markers of Immune Activation and Systemic Inflammation in Sexual Minority Men With and Without HIV.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Article
- Assessing the Effect of First-time Police Contact on Internalizing Problems Among Youth in Zurich, Switzerland: A Quasi-experimental Analysis.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2024Article
- Bodily Harm: The Health Consequences of Policing in the United States.California law review · 2024Article
- Cumulative Police Exposures, Police Violence Stress, and Depressive Symptoms: A Focus on Black LGBQ Youth in Baltimore City, Maryland.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2024Article
- Does the State Impact Hope? The Impact of Direct and Vicarious Police Contact on the Optimism of Youth in Large Cities.Child & adolescent social work journal : C & A · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Proactive policing, the strategic targeting of people or places to prevent crimes, is a well-studied tactic that is ubiquitous in modern law enforcement. A 2017 National Academies of Sciences report reviewed existing literature, entrenched in deterrence theory, and found evidence that proactive policing strategies can reduce crime. The existing literature, however, does not explore what the short and long-term effects of police contact are for young people who are subjected to high rates of contact with law enforcement as a result of proactive policing. Using four waves of longitudinal survey data from a sample of predominantly black and Latino boys in ninth and tenth grades, we find that adolescent boys who are stopped by police report more frequent engagement in delinquent behavior 6, 12, and 18 months later, independent of prior delinquency, a finding that is consistent with labeling and life course theories. We also find that psychological distress partially mediates this relationship, consistent with the often stated, but rarely measured, mechanism for adolescent criminality hypothesized by general strain theory. These findings advance the scientific understanding of crime and adolescent development while also raising policy questions about the efficacy of routine police stops of black and Latino youth. Police stops predict decrements in adolescents' psychological well-being and may unintentionally increase their engagement in criminal behavior.
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