ArticleNature biomedical engineering2019
Non-invasive early detection of acute transplant rejection via nanosensors of granzyme B activity.
Article in Nature biomedical engineering, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Urinary detection of therapy-induced senescence and fibrosis using an injectable albumin-based nanoprobe.Nature aging · 2026Article
- Long-term vagus nerve stimulation synergized with rapamycin elicits neuroimmune modulation to prolong skin allograft survival.iScience · 2026Article
- Trackable Tolerogenic Macrophages Integrate PD-L1 and Rapamycin Signaling to Suppress Alloimmune Responses in Transplantation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Protease-Activated Plasmonic Nanosensors for Predictive Ultrasound-Guided Photoacoustic Imaging of Tumor Responses to Adoptive T Cell Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA in Acute and Chronic Rejection of Solid Allograft Transplantation.Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2026Review
- Phytochemical based on nanoparticles for neurodegenerative alzheimer disease management: Update review.Discover nano · 2025Review
- Nanotechnology-driven advancements in organ transplantation: Multifaceted strategies for organ preservation, ischemia reperfusion injury, immunomodulation and post-transplant monitoring.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA in Allograft Transplantation: Exaggerated Hope or Cautious Reality?Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Efficient colorimetric assay promotes the virtual screen of granzyme B inhibitors.Mikrochimica acta · 2025Article
- Implantable bioelectronics and wearable sensors for kidney health and disease.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2025Review
- Conformationally Locked Peptide-DNA Nanostructures for CRISPR-Amplified Activity-Based Sensing.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2025Article
- Molecular probes for in vivo optical imaging of immune cells.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Review
- Ultrabright and ultrafast afterglow imaging in vivo via nanoparticles made of trianthracene derivatives.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- An enzymatic cleavage-triggered minimally invasive nanosensor for urine-based detection of early atherosclerosis.Science advances · 2025Article
- AND-gated protease-activated nanosensors for programmable detection of anti-tumour immunity.Nature nanotechnology · 2025Article
- Advancements in noninvasive techniques for transplant rejection: from biomarker detection to molecular imaging.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Non-invasive in vivo sensing of bacterial implant infection using catalytically-optimised gold nanocluster-loaded liposomes for urinary readout.Nature communications · 2024Article
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8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
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Abstract
The early detection of the onset of transplant rejection is critical for the long-term survival of patients. The diagnostic gold standard for detecting transplant rejection involves a core biopsy, which is invasive, has limited predictive power and carries a morbidity risk. Here, we show that nanoparticles conjugated with a peptide substrate specific for the serine protease granzyme B, which is produced by recipient T cells during the onset of acute cellular rejection, can serve as a non-invasive biomarker of early rejection. When administered systemically in mouse models of skin graft rejection, these nanosensors preferentially accumulate in allograft tissue, where they are cleaved by granzyme B, releasing a fluorescent reporter that filters into the recipient's urine. Urinalysis then discriminates the onset of rejection with high sensitivity and specificity before features of rejection are apparent in grafted tissues. Moreover, in mice treated with subtherapeutic levels of immunosuppressive drugs, the reporter signals in urine can be detected before graft failure. This method may enable routine monitoring of allograft status without the need for biopsies.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.