ArticleWater research2019
Sequential drinking water sampling as a tool for evaluating lead in flint, Michigan.
Article in Water research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- A review of the sidelined pollutant: Reviving the fight against heavy metal contamination in an era of emerging contaminants.Toxicology reports · 2025Review
- Development and optimization of a systematic approach to identifying lead service lines: One community's success.Water research · 2023Article
- A national survey of lead and other metal(loids) in residential drinking water in the United States.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2023Article
- Widespread nickel contamination in drinking water supplies of elementary schools in Taichung, Taiwan.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
- Rapid and simple lead service line detection screening protocol using water sampling.AWWA water science · 2021Article
- Effectiveness of point-of-use and pitcher filters at removing lead phosphate nanoparticles from drinking water.Water research · 2021Article
- The impact of sampling approach and daily water usage on lead levels measured at the tap.Water research · 2021Article
- Lead service line identification: A review of strategies and approaches.AWWA water science · 2021Article
- Variability and sampling of lead (Pb) in drinking water: Assessing potential human exposure depends on the sampling protocol.Environment international · 2021Review
- Modeled Impacts of Drinking Water Pb Reduction Scenarios on Children's Exposures and Blood Lead Levels.Environmental science & technology · 2020Article
- Tracking reduction of water lead levels in two homes during the Flint Federal Emergency.Water research X · 2020Article
- Troubling heroes: Reframing the environmental justice contributions of the Flint water crisis.WIREs. WaterArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Eliminating the sources of human lead exposure is an ongoing public health goal. Identifying the make-up of household plumbing and service line material type is important for many reasons including understanding lead release sources and mechanisms, targeting locations for lead service line (LSL) removal, and assessing the effectiveness of lead remediation strategies. As part of the response to Flint, Michigan's drinking water lead public health crisis, a return to their original drinking water source (Lake Huron) and an increase in orthophosphate dose was implemented in late 2015. In 2016, EPA performed multiple rounds of sequential or "profiling" water sampling to evaluate corrosion control effectiveness and identify lead sources in homes and service lines, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of corrosion control treatment with time on the different plumbing components. The results showed that lead levels, including high lead levels likely associated with particles, decreased with time in homes sampled during the 11-month evaluation period. Although sequential sampling indicated that brass fittings, brass fixtures, and galvanized pipes were lead sources, LSLs were the greatest source of lead when present. Following the removal of LSLs, the total mass of lead contributed to the drinking water decreased by 86% on average.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.