Trial reportFrontiers in immunology2019
Thymic Epithelium Abnormalities in DiGeorge and Down Syndrome Patients Contribute to Dysregulation in T Cell Development.
Trial report in Frontiers in immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early Thymectomy Is Associated With Long-Term Impairment of the Immune System: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Vitamin D status and the immune assessment in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2020Trial
- Clinical considerations for immune dysregulation and immunodeficiency in Down syndrome.Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- Immune dysregulation in children with Down syndrome: clinical implications and emerging therapies.Current opinion in rheumatology · 2026Review
- Immune Dysregulation in Down Syndrome: Implications for Infectious Susceptibility and Vaccine Response.Journal of clinical immunology · 2026Review
- How I Treat: Immune dysregulation in Down syndrome.Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- Fibroblast-driven collagen expansion and altered thymic medullary niches in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.Journal of human immunity · 2026Article
- Thymus and Leishmania at the Crossroads: Autoimmunity and Cancer.Immunology · 2026Review
- Vaccination in individuals with Down syndrome: immune vulnerability, safety, efficacy and opportunities.NPJ vaccines · 2026Review
- Follicular Helper T Cells and B Cell Maturation in Patients with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and Recurrent Infections.Journal of clinical immunology · 2026Article
- The systemic effects of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome on immunity.Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- The Role of Immune Markers in Predicting Infectious Complications in Children with Congenital Heart Defects.Current pediatric reviews · 2026Review
- Article
- Chronic inflammatory arthritis in 22q11.2 deletion (DiGeorge) syndrome: a multicentric study.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Rheumatologic and Autoimmune Features of Inborn Errors of Immunity: Implications for Diagnosis and Management.Journal of human immunity · 2025Article
- Minoxidil restores thymic growth in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome by limiting Sox9Journal of human immunity · 2025Article
- Thymic Mimetic Cells: Evolutionarily Ancient Mirrors of the Periphery.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Thymic inborn errors of immunity.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2025Review
- Cross-species analyses of thymic mimetic cells reveal evolutionarily ancient origins and both conserved and species-specific elements.Immunity · 2025Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors at 10 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The thymus plays a fundamental role in establishing and maintaining central and peripheral tolerance and defects in thymic architecture or AIRE expression result in the development of autoreactive lymphocytes. Patients with partial DiGeorge Syndrome (pDGS) and Down Syndrome (DS) present alterations in size and architecture of the thymus and higher risk to develop autoimmunity. We sought to evaluate thymic architecture and thymocyte development in DGS and DS patients and to determine the extent to which thymic defects result in immune dysregulation and T cell homeostasis perturbation in these patients. Thymi from pediatric patients and age-matched controls were obtained to evaluate cortex and medullary compartments, AIRE expression and thymocyte development. In the same patients we also characterized immunophenotype of peripheral T cells. Phenotypic and functional characterization of thymic and peripheral regulatory T (Treg) cells was finally assessed. Histologic analysis revealed peculiar alterations in thymic medulla size and maturation in DGS and DS patients. Perturbed distribution of thymocytes and altered thymic output was also observed. DGS patients showed lower mature CD4
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.