ArticleFrontiers in psychology2019
Race Strategies of Open Water Swimmers in the 5-km, 10-km, and 25-km Races of the 2017 FINA World Swimming Championships.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Application of the Performance Index for Monitoring Anaerobic Endurance of Competitive Swimmers.Journal of human kinetics · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Race Pace Using Critical Swimming Speed During 10 km Open-Water Swimming Competition.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- Origin of the Fastest 5 km, 10 km and 25 km Open-Water Swimmers-An Analysis from 20 Years and 9819 Swimmers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Older or Wiser? Age and Experience Trends in 20 Years of Olympic and World Swimming Championships Open Water 10-km Races.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2021Article
- Stroking Rates of Open Water Swimmers during the 2019 FINA World Swimming Championships.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- How Mixed Relay Teams in Swimming Should Be Organized for International Championship Success.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Article
- 5 km front crawl in pool and open water swimming: breath-by-breath energy expenditure and kinematic analysis.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Article
- Sex Differences in Swimming Disciplines-Can Women Outperform Men in Swimming?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
- Perceived Impact as the Underpinning Mechanism of the End-Spurt and U-Shape Pacing Patterns.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Article
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4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite literature on the pacing strategies of endurance sports, there is an existing lack of knowledge about the swimmers' tactical decisions in the open water races. The aims of the present research were (1) to compare the pacing profiles and tactical strategies of successful elite open water swimmers (men and women) in the 5-km, 10-km, and 25-km races and (2) to relate these pacing strategies to the end race results. Intermediate split times, positions and gaps with leaders of the first ten swimmers classified in the 2017 FINA World Swimming Championships races were collected from the public domain and were related to the finishing positions. Overall swimming velocities of the 5-km races were faster than the 10-km (δ 0.03 ± 0.03 m/s) and the 25-km (δ 0.14 ± 0.01 m/s) events with male swimmers achieving relatively faster mean velocities than females in the 5-km (δ 0.12 ± 0.01 m/s) compared to the 25-km (δ 0.08 ± 0.01 m/s) events. Medallist swimmers achieved moderate faster overall velocities than finalists in the 25-km races (0.01 ± 0.01 m/s) only. Inter-level differences were detected in selected splits for each race distance. Pacing profiles presented lap to lap velocity improvements in the 5-km and men's 10-km races (from +0.02 ± 0.00 to +0.11 ± 0.01 m/s) but also mid-race decreases in the women's 10-km and on the 25-km races. Successful swimmers were located in the leading positions of the 5-km races but at mid-group in the first part of the 10-km and 25-km races, with time gaps with leaders of 15-20 s. Faster lap swimming velocities, mid-race leading positions and shorter time-gaps were only related to the finishing positions in the last lap of the 10-km and in the three last laps of the 25-km events, but also in the first lap of the women's 5-km race. Despite different mid-race positioning, successful open water swimmers typically presented negative pacing profiles, a consistent control of mid-race gaps with leaders (15-20 s maximum) and great spurts (4-6% faster than mean race velocities) at the end of races. Coaches and swimmers should be aware of the different race dynamics depending to the event distance in order to select optimal race strategies.
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