ReviewFrontiers in psychology2019
Child and Adolescent Depression: A Review of Theories, Evaluation Instruments, Prevention Programs, and Treatments.
Review in Frontiers in psychology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 88 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Assessment of Efficacy and Safety of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS) in Pediatric and Teenage Patients With Major Depressive Disorder During COVID-19 Pandemics
Assessment of Depression, Anxiety and ADHD Among Children and Adolescents With Congenital Heart Disease.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Aerobic exercise for depression symptoms in adolescents: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevention of internalizing disorders in early childhood.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Pooled it
- Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the Risk of Depression in Offspring: a Meta-Analysis.International journal of clinical practice · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence of depression and anxiety among children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2022Pooled it
- Treatment of Tinnitus in Children-A Systematic Review.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Pooled it
- Anxiety Symptom Trajectories Predict Depression Symptom Trajectories up to Four Years After CBT for Youth Anxiety Disorders.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2024Trial
- Trajectories of Symptom Change in School-Based Prevention Programs for Adolescent Girls with Subclinical Depression.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2022Trial
- Aerobic exercise impacts the anterior cingulate cortex in adolescents with subthreshold mood syndromes: a randomized controlled trial study.Translational psychiatry · 2020Trial
- Psychological and Sleep Effects of Tryptophan and Magnesium-Enriched Mediterranean Diet in Women with Fibromyalgia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Trial
- Sibling relationships as a mediator and a moderator between parental attachment and depression among adolescents.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Understanding Depression in Women Across the Lifespan: Hormonal Insights From Brain Imaging.Brain and behavior · 2026Review
- Assessment of Measurement Equivalence of the Communities That Care Brief Depression Scale by Immigrant Generation Status in Latinx Youth.Journal of community psychology · 2026Article
- Subtypes of adolescent major depressive disorder characterized by divergent information dynamics in sensory-association cortices.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The impact of family and peer relationships on developmental trajectories of depressive and anxiety symptoms among young people: a person-oriented approach.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2026Article
- Optimal exercise prescription for depression and anxiety in children and adolescents: a Bayesian dose-response network meta-analysis protocol.Systematic reviews · 2026Article
- Concepts of psychosocial distress and help-seeking preferences among Indigenous adolescents: A qualitative study from Jharkhand, India.PLOS mental health · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence as decision support for adolescent depression and anxiety: a mini review of clinical utility, safety, and implementation.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Depression in Chinese adolescents: prevalence, symptoms, risk factors, affected brain, diagnosis, and interventions.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- The social media scale for depression in adolescence.International journal of adolescence and youth · 2025Article
- Psychometric Evaluation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Among Early Adolescents in Darjeeling, India.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2025Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Depression is the principal cause of illness and disability in the world. Studies charting the prevalence of depression among children and adolescents report high percentages of youngsters in both groups with depressive symptoms. This review analyzes the construct and explanatory theories of depression and offers a succinct overview of the main evaluation instruments used to measure this disorder in children and adolescents, as well as the prevention programs developed for the school environment and the different types of clinical treatment provided. The analysis reveals that in mental classifications, the child depression construct is no different from the adult one, and that multiple explanatory theories must be taken into account in order to arrive at a full understanding of depression. Consequently, both treatment and prevention should also be multifactorial in nature. Although universal programs may be more appropriate due to their broad scope of application, the results are inconclusive and fail to demonstrate any solid long-term efficacy. In conclusion, we can state that: (1) There are biological factors (such as tryptophan-a building block for serotonin-depletion, for example) which strongly influence the appearance of depressive disorders; (2) Currently, negative interpersonal relations and relations with one's environment, coupled with social-cultural changes, may explain the increase observed in the prevalence of depression; (3) Many instruments can be used to evaluate depression, but it is necessary to continue to adapt tests for diagnosing the condition at an early age; (4) Prevention programs should be developed for and implemented at an early age; and (5) The majority of treatments are becoming increasingly rigorous and effective. Given that initial manifestations of depression may occur from a very early age, further and more in-depth research is required into the biological, psychological and social factors that, in an interrelated manner, may explain the appearance, development, and treatment of depression.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.