ArticleAIDS (London, England)2019
Low rates of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug resistance in Botswana.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01965470 (Botswana Combination Prevention Project), which is not on this map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Botswana Combination Prevention Project: -Evaluation Protocol (Protocol #1): Research Design and Impact Evaluation -Closed Clinical Cohort Protocol (Protocol #3) Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation of Combination HIV Prevention Interventions in Rural and Peri-Urban Communities in Botswana
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV-1 cross-resistance to second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors among individuals failing antiretroviral therapy in Cameroon: implications for the use of long-acting treatment regimens in low- and middle-income countries.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- High prevalence of pre-treatment and acquired HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among non-citizens living with HIV in Botswana.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Low prevalence of archived integrase strand transfer inhibitors resistance associated mutations in Botswana before the roll out of dolutegravir based first line antiretroviral therapy.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Predicted resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and associated HIV-1 envelope characteristics among seroconverting adults in Botswana.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Archived rilpivirine-associated resistance mutations among ART-naive and virologically suppressed people living with HIV-1 subtype C in Botswana: implications for cabotegravir/rilpivirine use.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2023Article
- Article
- Doravirine-associated resistance mutations in antiretroviral therapy naïve and experienced adults with HIV-1 subtype C infection in Botswana.Journal of global antimicrobial resistance · 2022Article
- Low-frequency HIV-1 drug resistance mutations in antiretroviral naïve individuals in Botswana.Medicine · 2022Article
- HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among individuals with low-level viraemia while taking combination ART in Botswana.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2022Article
- HIV-1C in-House RNA-Based Genotyping Assay for Detection of Drug Resistance Mutations in Samples with Low-Level Viral Loads.Infection and drug resistance · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundScale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and introduction of treat-all strategy necessitates population-level monitoring of acquired HIV drug resistance (ADR) and pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) mutations.
methodsBlood samples were collected from 4973 HIV-positive individuals residing in 30 communities across Botswana who participated in the Botswana Combination Prevention Project (BCPP) in 2013-2018. HIV sequences were obtained by long-range HIV genotyping. Major drug-resistance mutations (DRMs) and surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRMs) associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) were analyzed according to the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database. Viral sequences were screened for G-to-A hypermutations. A threshold of 2% was used for hypermutation adjustment. Viral suppression was considered at HIV-1 RNA load ≤400 copies/ml.
resultsAmong 4973 participants with HIV-1C sequences, ART data were available for 4927 (99%) including 3858 (78%) on ART. Among those on ART, 3435 had viral load data and 3297 (96%) were virologically suppressed. Among 1069 (22%) HIV-infected individuals not on ART, we found NRTI-associated and NNRTI-associated SDRMs were found in 1.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-2.5%) and 2.9% (95% CI 2.0-4.2%), respectively. Of the 138 (4%) of individuals who had detectable HIV-1 RNA, we found NRTI-associated and NNRTI-associated drug resistance mutations in 16% (95% CI 10-25%) and 33% (95% CI 25-42%), respectively.
conclusionWe found a low prevalence of NRTI-associated and NNRTI-associated PDR-resistance mutations among residents of rural and peri-urban communities across Botswana. However, individuals on ART with detectable virus had ADR NRTI and NNRTI mutations above 15%.
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