ArticleThe Angle orthodontist2019
In vitro cytotoxicity of different thermoplastic materials for clear aligners.
Article in The Angle orthodontist, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Time-dependent changes in salivary bisphenol A and bisphenol S concentrations during clear aligner therapy: a prospective clinical study.Odontology · 2026Article
- Salivary parameters in individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment with clear aligners: a scoping review.Evidence-based dentistry · 2026Article
- Comparative evaluation of physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties of biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and commercial aligner materials.Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials · 2026Article
- Cytotoxicity Assessment of the Effects of Pre-Orthodontic Trainer Appliances on Human Gingival Fibroblasts: AnTurkish journal of orthodontics · 2026Article
- Assessment of different direct printed aligner resins for leaching of urethane dimethacrylate: an in vivo study.The Angle orthodontist · 2026Article
- Cytotoxicity assessment of LuxCreo and Nylon direct-printed photopolymers for orthodontic applications: An in vitro study.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Potential Cytotoxicity of Orthodontic Aligners in the Oral Environment: A Scoping Review.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- In Vitro Mechanical Study of Three-Dimensional Printed Invisible Dental Aligners for Crowded Dentition Problems: A Patient-Specific Study.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Validation of a fast LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of bisphenol A (BPA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) in eluates of dental polymer-based materials.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Environmental Burden and Sustainability Challenges of Clear Aligners: Implications for Public Health, Practice, Policy, and Future Research-A Scoping Review.International journal of dentistry · 2026Review
- Cytotoxicity evaluation of different clear aligner systems on human primary gingival fibroblasts: an in vitro study.Biomaterial investigations in dentistry · 2026Article
- Measurement of Aligner Thickness and Gap Width in Two Types of Clear Aligner Sheets Manufactured Using Two Different Thermoforming Machines - A Nano-CT Pilot Study.Turkish journal of orthodontics · 2025Article
- Microplastics and nanoplastics in clinical dentistry and orthodontics: leaching, health implications, and future directions: a narrative review.Progress in orthodontics · 2025Review
- Cytotoxic effect of 3D-printed and thermoformed clear aligner materials on human oral fibroblasts: AnKorean journal of orthodontics · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of Clear Aligner Therapy in Orthodontic Management for Children with Mixed Dentition: A Scoping Review.International journal of clinical pediatric dentistry · 2025Review
- Micro- and Nanoplastics and the Oral Cavity: Implications for Oral and Systemic Health, Dental Practice, and the Environment-A Narrative Review.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Review
- Effect of Surface Wettability and Energy on Bacterial Adhesion to Dental Aligners: A Comparative In Vitro Study.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
- Thermoplastics for Clear Aligners: A Review.Polymers · 2025Review
- Cytotoxicity and Endocrine Disruption in Materials Used for Removable Orthodontic Retainers: A Comprehensive Review.Dentistry journal · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity of different thermoplastic materials for clear aligners on human primary gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). MATERIALS AND
methodsFour materials for clear aligners were considered in this study: Duran (Scheu-Dental GmbH, Iserlohn, Germany), Biolon (Dreve Dentamid GmbH, Unna, Germany), Zendura (Bay Materials LLC, Fremont, CA, USA), and SmartTrack (Align Technology, San Jose, CA, USA). Three out of four materials (Duran, Biolon, Zendura) were assessed as thermoformed and nonthermoformed, whereas the SmartTrack was assessed only as thermoformed. The samples were placed at 37°C in airtight test tubes containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM; 0.1 mg/mL) for 14 days. The cell viability of HGFs cultured with this medium was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Data were analyzed by means of one-way and two-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests (α = 0.05).
resultsEach material exhibited a slight cytotoxic effect after 14 days. The highest cytotoxicity level on HGFs was achieved by Biolon (64.6% ± 3.3 of cell viability), followed by Zendura (74.4% ± 2.3 of cell viability), SmartTrack (78.8% ± 6.3 of cell viability), and finally Duran (84.6% ± 4 of cell viability), which was the least cytotoxic. In the comparison between nonthermoformed and thermoformed materials for Duran, Biolon, and Zendura, the thermoformed materials showed the highest level of cytotoxicity (
conclusionsUnder the experimental conditions of this study, all the materials for clear aligners presented a slight cytotoxicity. Biolon was the most cytotoxic and the thermoforming process increased the cytotoxicity of the materials.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.