ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2019
Brief Report: Sex/Gender Differences in Symptomology and Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The relationship between autistic camouflaging and mental health: a scoping review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- A meta-analytic review of quantification methods for camouflaging behaviors in autistic and neurotypical individuals.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Is There a Bias Towards Males in the Diagnosis of Autism? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neuropsychology review · 2025Pooled it
- The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for children with autism and their parents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Pooled it
- Factor associated with the occurrence of epilepsy in autism: a systematic review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2023Pooled it
- A comparison of methods for measuring camouflaging in autism.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2023Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Passing as Non-autistic in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2021Pooled it
- Social Camouflaging in Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2021Pooled it
- Emotion dysregulation is heightened in autistic females: A comparison with autistic males and borderline personality disorder.Women's health (London, England)Trial
- Social Skills Through an Autistic Lens: A Qualitative Analysis of Young Adults' Insights and Experiences.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Law Enforcement Officers and Autism Stigma: Changes Associated With Autism Training.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- "I Try to Act Like a Neurotypical so it Makes Customers More Comfortable": A Mixed Methods Analysis of Autistic Camouflaging at Work.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Adult Autism Screening: A Comparison of Current Self-Report and Retrospective Parent-Report Measures.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Assessing Camouflaging in Adolescence: Psychometric Evaluation of the German Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q/DE).Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Relations Between Social Camouflaging, Life Satisfaction, and Depression Among Polish Women with ADHD.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Camouflaging and autism: Conceptualisation and methodological issues.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2026Review
- A novel context-discrepancy assessment of impression management facets in autistic and non-autistic adults: an initial validation.Molecular autism · 2026Article
- Expanding Understanding of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Girls and Women: A New Paradigm.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Social compatibility in opposite-sex prairie vole pairs is modulated by early-life sleep experience.PLoS biology · 2026Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is more prevalent in males than females. Previous research indicates females camouflage ASD symptoms more than males, potentially contributing to the difference in prevalence. This study investigated sex/gender differences in behavioral phenotypes in 17 males and 11 females with ASD, as well camouflaging in ASD, in an attempt to partially replicate findings from Lai et al. (Autism 21(6):690-702, 2017). Overall ASD symptoms were measured by the autism spectrum quotient (AQ). Mean AQ in females with ASD was higher than males with ASD, with the difference approaching statistical significance. Camouflaging was found to be more common in females with ASD, and not associated to social phobia. Furthermore, camouflaging correlated negatively with emotional expressivity in females, but not males, with ASD. These findings strengthen previous findings regarding camouflaging being more common in females and add to the literature on how camouflaging may be different in females versus males.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.