ArticleEuropean journal of epidemiology2019
Interaction between lifestyle and genetic susceptibility in myopia: the Generation R study.
Article in European journal of epidemiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Polygenic Risk Scores for Myopia: A Systematic Review of Predictive Performance and Clinical Potential.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Pooled it
- The G allele of the IGF1 rs2162679 SNP is a potential protective factor for any myopia: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Evaluating the effect of a new myopia control spectacle lens among children in Israel: 24-month results.Eye (London, England) · 2026Trial
- Network Analysis of Visual Behaviors, Family Factors, and Refractive Status in Chinese Schoolchildren - 10 PLADs, China, 2020-2024.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Mesopic Illumination in Natural Environments: Implications for Myopia Research.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Shared Genetic Architecture and Multidimensional Modifiable Correlates between Myopia and Retinal-Optic Nerve Diseases.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Effect of combining peripheral defocus spectacle lens wear with 0.01% atropine.Annals of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Myopia Management Consensus Statement in South Korean Children 2025 by the Korean Myopia Society for the Korean Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO · 2026Review
- Distribution and factors associated with refractive errors among young adults attending ophthalmic clinics in Iraq: a multicenter cross-sectional study.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Interocular asymmetry and ocular biometric patterns in pediatric high myopia: implications for early risk stratification.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Navigating the Core Challenges of Atropine Therapy in Myopia: A Mechanistic and Clinical Analysis of Dose, Response, and Durability.Journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Childhood myopia in the modern environment: modifiable risk factors and evidence-based prevention.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Myopia and high myopia trends in Chinese children and adolescents over 25 years: a nationwide study with projections to 2050.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Myopia is predominantly genetic or predominantly environmental?Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Genome-wide association study identified novel loci and gene-environment interaction for refractive error in children.NPJ genomic medicine · 2025Article
- Factors associated with myopia in the Portuguese child population: An epidemiological study.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Parental behavior and near screen use in childhood: a route to reduce screen induced myopia.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Trends in myopia prevalence and projected visual impairment in Western Europe: a pooled analysis of Dutch population-based cohorts (1900-2000).BMJ public health · 2025Article
- A survey of public eye-care behavior and myopia education.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Adherence to the Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines and vision impairment in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Myopia is a refractive error of the eye caused by a complex interplay between nature and nurture. The aim of this study was to investigate whether environmental risk factors can influence the genetic effect in children developing myopia. A total of 3422 children participating in the birth-cohort study Generation R underwent an extensive eye examination at 9 years with measurements of refractive error and axial length corneal radius ratio (AL/CR). Environmental risk factors were evaluated using a questionnaire, and environmental risk scores (ERS) were calculated using backward regression analyses. Genetic risk scores (GRS) were calculated based on all currently known risk variants for myopia. Gene-environment interaction (G×E) was investigated using linear and logistic regression analyses. The predictive value of G×E and parental myopia was estimated using receiver operating characteristic curves. Myopia prevalence was 12%. Both GRS (P < 0.01) and ERS (P < 0.01) were significantly associated with myopia and AL/CR, as was G×E interaction (P < 0.01 for myopia; P = 0.07 for AL/CR). The predictive value of parental myopia was 0.67 (95% CI 0.65-0.70), similar to the values of GRS (0.67; 95% CI 0.64-0.70; P = 0.98) and ERS (0.69; 95% CI 0.66-0.72; P = 0.98). Adding G×E interaction significantly improved the predictive value to 0.73 (95% CI 0.70-0.75; P < 0.01). This study provides evidence that nature and nurture are equally important for myopia and AL/CR; however, the combination has the strongest influence. Since myopia genes are common in the population, adjustment of lifestyle should be a major focus in the prevention of myopia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.