ArticleBMC public health2019
Socioeconomic differences in nicotine exposure and dependence in adult daily smokers.
Article in BMC public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differences in the effectiveness of individual-level smoking cessation interventions by socioeconomic status.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Menthol Smoking and Nicotine Dependence among Black/African American Women Smokers Living in Low-Resource, Rural Communities.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- The Effect of Low Socioeconomic Status on the Leptin-to-Adiponectin Ratio.Nursing open · 2026Review
- Article
- Socioeconomic disparities and life's essential 8: a focused review and considerations for improving cardiovascular health in the United States.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Nicotine dependence and self-esteem among respiratory therapy students in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with time to first cigarette upon waking: Findings from the Malaysian national tobacco survey 2023.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Social genomics and cancer - untangling nature from nurture in squamous cell carcinoma outcomes.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Disparities in trends of smoke-free home associated with socioeconomic disadvantages in the United States from 2001 to 2019.Preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Assessment of e-cigarette dependence and influencing factors among Palestinian young adults: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Prevalence of nicotine dependence among smokers aged 40 years and older in China.Chinese medical journal pulmonary and critical care medicine · 2024Article
- Social Determinants of Health in Cardio-Oncology: Multi-Level Strategies to Overcome Disparities in Care:JACC. CardioOncology · 2024Review
- Physician-brief advice for promoting smoking cessation among cancer patients on treatment in low and middle-income countries: a scoping review.BMC cancer · 2024Article
- Advice for smokers in smoking cessation clinic: a review.African health sciences · 2023Review
- Socio-economic status moderates within-person associations of risk factors and smoking lapse in daily life.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2023Observational
- Article
- The Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on the Body Characteristics, Proportion, and Health Behavior of Children Aged 6-12 Years.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Efficacy of mindfulness and goal setting interventions for increasing resilience and reducing smoking in lower socio-economic groups: randomised controlled trial protocol.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSocioeconomic status (SES) is a major determinant of tobacco use but little is known whether SES affects nicotine exposure and the degree of nicotine dependence.
methodsThe Pennsylvania Adult Smoking Study is a cross-sectional study of smoke exposure and nicotine dependence among adults conducted in central Pennsylvania between June 2012 and April 2014. The study included several measures of SES, including assessments of education and household income, as well as occupation, home ownership, health insurance, household density and savings accounts. Measurements included saliva for the nicotine metabolites cotinine (COT), 3-'hydroxycotinine (3HC) and total metabolites (COT +3HC). Puffing behavior was determined using portable smoking topography devices.
resultsThe income levels of lighter smokers (< 20 cigarettes per day) was $10,000 more than heavier smokers. Higher Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence scores were associated with lower income and job status, scores ranged from 5.4 in unemployed, 4.4 in blue-collar, and 3.8 in white-collar workers. In principal components analysis used to derive SES indicators, household income, number in household, and type of dwelling were the major SES correlates of the primary component. Job category was the major correlate of the second component. Lower SES predicted significantly higher adjusted total nicotine metabolite levels in the unemployed group. Job category was significantly associated with total daily puffs, with the highest level in the unemployed, followed by blue-collar workers, after adjustment for income.
conclusionsAmong smokers, there was a relationship between lower SES and increased nicotine dependence, cigarettes per day and nicotine exposure, which varied by job type.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.