ReviewFrontiers in oncology2019
Turning "Cold" Into "Hot" Tumors-Opportunities and Challenges for Radio-Immunotherapy Against Primary and Metastatic Brain Cancers.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Improved survival outcome with not-delayed radiotherapy and immediate PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor for non-small-cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2023Pooled it
- Bridging Radiotherapy to Immunotherapy: The IFN-JAK-STAT Axis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): An overview of current therapies and mechanisms of resistance.Pharmacological research · 2021Pooled it
- Pharmacological inhibition of LIF signaling reverses PD-L1-mediated immune suppression in gastric cancer.Translational oncology · 2026Article
- Therapeutic targeting of the cGAS-STING pathway in human disease.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Targeting B7-H3 in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer and brain metastases: an opportunity to "revive" immunotherapy as a treatment strategy?Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Review
- Radiotherapy in patients with NSCLC developing progressive disease during immune checkpoint inhibition: Abscopal responses and survival.Clinical and translational radiation oncology · 2026Article
- Integrative CSF profiling identifies disease-specific immune responses in leptomeningeal disease.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- How do tumor-associated neutrophils regulate the microenvironmental landscape of brain tumors: Delivery of nano-particles through BBB.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Targeting cellular source-specific CXCL9 signaling for immunotherapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Promising Targets and Drugs for Improving Head and Neck Cancer Response to Radiotherapy.Current pharmaceutical design · 2026Review
- Intracranial metastasis following intrahepatic remission in primary hepatic small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: a case report.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Abscopal effects in patients with malignant melanoma treated with radiotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibition: analysis of a large observational multicenter study.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Observational
- CAR-NK cell therapy combined with checkpoint inhibition induces an NKT cell response in glioblastoma.British journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Immune response recalibration using immune therapy and biomimetic nano-therapy against high-grade gliomas and brain metastases.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Review
- Progress in personalized immunotherapy for patients with brain metastasis.NPJ precision oncology · 2025Review
- Comprehensive Analysis IdentifiesCells · 2025Article
- Combination of immunotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy on prognosis of patients with multiple brain metastases: A retrospective cohort study.Open life sciences · 2025Article
- Research Progress of NK Cells in Glioblastoma Treatment.OncoTargets and therapy · 2025Review
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The development of immunotherapies has revolutionized intervention strategies for a variety of primary cancers. Despite this promising progress, treatment options for primary brain cancer and brain metastasis remain limited and still largely depend on surgical resection, radio- and/or chemotherapy. The paucity in the successful development of immunotherapies for brain cancers can in part be attributed to the traditional view of the brain as an immunologically privileged site. The presence of the blood-brain barrier and the absence of lymphatic drainage were believed to restrict the entry of blood-borne immune and inflammatory cells into the central nervous system (CNS), leading to an exclusion of the brain from systemic immune surveillance. However, recent insight from pre-clinical and clinical studies on the immune landscape of brain cancers challenged this dogma. Recruitment of blood-borne immune cells into the CNS provides unprecedented opportunities for the development of tumor microenvironment (TME)-targeted or immunotherapies against primary and metastatic cancers. Moreover, it is increasingly recognized that in addition to genotoxic effects, ionizing radiation represents a critical modulator of tumor-associated inflammation and synergizes with immunotherapies in adjuvant settings. This review summarizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular identity of tumor-associated immune cells in primary and metastatic brain cancers and discusses underlying mechanisms by which ionizing radiation modulates the immune response. Detailed mechanistic insight into the effects of radiation on the unique immune landscape of brain cancers is essential for the development of multimodality intervention strategies in which immune-modulatory effects of radiotherapy are exploited to sensitize brain cancers to immunotherapies by converting immunologically "cold" into "hot" environments.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.